ÿþ<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"> <head> <meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=windows-1252"> <meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document> <meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 9"> <meta name=Originator content="Microsoft Word 9"> <link rel=File-List href="./madeingermany_files/filelist.xml"> <link rel=Edit-Time-Data href="./madeingermany_files/editdata.mso"> <!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--> <title> Made in Germany</title> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Author>Dai</o:Author> <o:Template>Normal</o:Template> <o:LastAuthor>David Truong</o:LastAuthor> <o:Revision>3</o:Revision> <o:TotalTime>13</o:TotalTime> <o:LastPrinted>2009-08-02T15:09:00Z</o:LastPrinted> <o:Created>2009-08-26T15:02:00Z</o:Created> <o:LastSaved>2009-08-26T15:03:00Z</o:LastSaved> <o:Pages>21</o:Pages> <o:Words>5205</o:Words> <o:Characters>29672</o:Characters> <o:Company>Tum</o:Company> <o:Lines>247</o:Lines> <o:Paragraphs>59</o:Paragraphs> <o:CharactersWithSpaces>36439</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:Version>9.2720</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:HideSpellingErrors/> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning/> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; 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mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt'>NG&#431;&#7900;I &#272;&#7912;C &#272;ÓNG GÓP CHO KHOA H&#7884;C và NHÂN V&#258;N<o:p></o:p></span></h4> <h5 align=left style='text-align:left;text-indent:0in'><span lang=DE style='font-size:16.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></h5> <h5 style='text-indent:0in'><span lang=DE style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt'>Nguy&#7877;n Quý &#272;&#7841;i<o:p></o:p></span></h5> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Nh&#7919;ng th&#7871; k&#7927; tr&#432;&#7899;c con ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7843;i &#273;&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7847;u v&#7899;i th&#7901;i ti&#7871;t, thiên tai và các b&#7879;nh nh&#432;: d&#7883;ch t&#7843;, d&#7883;ch h&#7841;ch, ho lao, th&#432;&#417;ng hàn, &#273;&#7853;u mùa...Vì sinh t&#7891;n, con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;ã kh&#7855;c ph&#7909;c và v&#432;&#7907;t qua. S&#7921; thành &#273;&#7841;t n&#7847;y do vi&#7879;c nghiên c&#7913;u và phát minh c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng nhà bác h&#7885;c trên th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. Cu&#7889;i th&#7871; k&#7927; 18 và &#273;&#7847;u th&#7871; k&#7927; th&#7913; 19, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#272;&#7913;c &#273;ã &#273;óng góp l&#7899;n lao cho th&#7871; gi&#7899;i v&#7873; khoa h&#7885;c, k&#7929; thu&#7853;t, v&#259;n h&#7885;c, thi ca, tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c và âm nh&#7841;c .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Dân t&#7897;c &#272;&#7913;c thông minh, sáng t&#7841;o, n&#259;ng &#273;&#7897;ng, c&#7847;u ti&#7871;n<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>. </b>Ng&#432;&#7901;i lao &#273;&#7897;ng chân tay c&#361;ng nh&#432; trí th&#7913;c &#273;&#7873;u làm vi&#7879;c &#273;úng gi&#7901;, tôn tr&#7885;ng ý ki&#7871;n xây d&#7921;ng trong ngh&#7873; nghi&#7879;p, s&#7889;ng có n&#7873; n&#7871;p, tr&#7853;t t&#7921;, k&#7927; lu&#7853;t. Ng&#432;&#7901;i tài &#273;&#432;&#7907;c gi&#7919; ch&#7913;c v&#7909; cao &#273;úng kh&#7843; n&#259;ng v&#7899;i công vi&#7879;c phát tri&#7875;n khoa h&#7885;c, k&#7929; thu&#7853;t và kinh t&#7871;, h&#7885; không b&#7883; chi ph&#7889;i b&#7903;i các &#273;&#7843;ng phái chính tr&#7883;. Th&#7871; k&#7927; th&#7913; 18 các n&#432;&#7899;c Âu Châu phát tri&#7875;n v&#7873; công nghi&#7879;p m&#7841;nh, n&#432;&#7899;c &#272;&#7913;c còn thua xa Anh Qu&#7889;c, vì s&#7921; c&#7841;nh tranh v&#7873; ph&#7849;m ch&#7845;t hàng hóa nên n&#259;m 1887<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: normal'>,</b> chính quy&#7873;n Anh ban hành lu&#7853;t  Merchandise Marks Acts b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c hàng nh&#7853;p c&#7843;ng t&#7915; &#272;&#7913;c ph&#7843;i mang nhãn hi&#7879;u  Made in Germany . Hàng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t v&#7899;i nhãn hi&#7879;u t&#7915; &#272;&#7913;c lúc &#273;&#7847;u ch&#432;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#432;a chu&#7897;ng m&#7845;y v&#7873; ph&#7849;m ch&#7845;t, nh&#432;ng nh&#7901; s&#7921; c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n, phát tri&#7875;n không ng&#7915;ng, nên sau &#273;ó hàng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ra th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng càng ngày càng có ph&#7849;m ch&#7845;t t&#7889;t, b&#7873;n, &#273;&#7865;p h&#417;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#432;a thích. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Vi&#7879;t Nam &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng th&#7901;i thu&#7897;c &#273;&#7883;a Pháp, hàng hoá s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t t&#7915; Pháp (Made in France) &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;ánh giá ph&#7849;m ch&#7845;t cao &#273;&#7865;p, nên ng&#432;&#7901;i Vi&#7879;t chu&#7897;ng hàng c&#7911;a Pháp h&#417;n. Ít ng&#432;&#7901;i bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n hàng mang nhãn hi&#7879;u Made in Germany. V&#7873; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; V&#259;n hoá, k&#7929; thu&#7853;t và khoa h&#7885;c c&#7911;a &#272;&#7913;c c&#361;ng không &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng sâu r&#7897;ng. Th&#7901;i Vi&#7879;t Nam C&#7897;ng Hòa cho &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 1973, có kho&#7843;ng 2000 sinh viên t&#7915; mi&#7873;n Nam du h&#7885;c &#7903; Tây &#272;&#7913;c, sau n&#259;m 1975 ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n nh&#7919;ng c&#7921;u sinh viên du h&#7885;c thành tài &#273;&#7873;u &#7903; l&#7841;i &#272;&#7913;c. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><u><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Nh&#7919;ng phát minh c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i &#272;&#7913;c cho th&#7871; gi&#7899;i <o:p></o:p></span></u></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><u><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Nh&#7919;ng nhà bác h&#7885;c ng&#432;&#7901;i &#272;&#7913;c &#273;óng góp r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u cho Y khoa, khoa hoc, v&#7853;t lý, toán h&#7885;c.. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:0;margin-top:6.2pt;width:115.2pt;height:147.6pt; z-index:5;mso-position-horizontal:left'> <v:imagedata src="./madeingermany_files/image001.jpg" o:title="180px-Gutenberg"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=154 height=197 src="./madeingermany_files/image002.jpg" align=left hspace=12 v:shapes="_x0000_s1033"><![endif]><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Johannes</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'> Gutenberg (1390-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1468)</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng vì phát minh ra ph&#432;&#417;ng pháp in d&#7845;u n&#259;m 1450 góp ph&#7847;n cho vi&#7879;c in &#7845;n phát tri&#7875;n nhanh h&#417;n v&#7873; khoa h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t. &#272;<span style='color:black'>&#7871;n n&#259;m 1810- 812 thì Friedrich König (1774-</span></span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language: IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'>1833) sáng ch&#7871; máy in nhanh hình tr&#7909; (Zilinder) th&#7901;i &#273;ó v&#432;&#7907;t k&#7927; l&#7909;c in 1000 trang/1gi&#7901;. Thành l&#7853;p Cty König &amp; Bauer cho &#273;&#7871;n ngày nay và Ernst Vogel thành công v&#7899;i ph&#432;&#417;ng pháp in ba màu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </span>(hình Johannes Gutenberg)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>William Herschel (1738-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1822) nhà thiên v&#259;n h&#7885;c phát hi&#7879;n Thiên V&#432;&#417;ng Tinh n&#259;m 1781 và b</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma'>&#7913;c x&#7841;<span style='color:black'> tia h&#7891;ng ngo&#7841;i, t&#7915; ngo&#7841;i c&#7911;a Ritter,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Johann Wilhelm Ritter (1776-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1810) là nhà khai sinh ra hóa h&#7885;c m&#7899;i, &#273;i&#7879;n gi&#7843;i và tách &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7891;ng và b&#7841;c, sau &#273;ó phát hi&#7879;n tia c&#7921;c tím, utraviolet, b&#7841;c clorua silver chloride.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1855) cùng Whilhelm Weber phát minh &#273;i&#7879;n tín b&#7857;ng &#273;i&#7879;n t&#7917; t&#7841;i Göttingen d&#7921;a trên &#273;&#7883;nh lu&#7853;t c&#7843;m &#7913;ng c&#7911;a Faraday, có th&#7875; truy&#7873;n &#273;i kh&#7887;ang 3km phát minh &#273;&#7847;u tiên.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span></span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Ông <span style='color:black'>&#273;</span>&#432;&#7907;c m&#7879;nh danh là &quot;hoàng t&#7917; c&#7911;a các nhà toán h&#7885;c&quot;<span style='color:black'> và  lý thuy&#7871;t chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a thiên th&#7875; <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Joseph Fraunhofer (1787-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1826) &#273;&#432;a ra lý thuy&#7871;t nhi&#7877;u x&#7841; ánh sáng, phát hi&#7879;n các v&#7841;ch quang ph&#7893; s&#7855;c nét và t&#7889;i trong quang ph&#7893; m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c mang tên  v&#7841;ch Frauenhofer <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Friedrich Krupp (1787-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1826) thành l&#7853;p nhà máy &#273;úc t&#7841;i Essen, n&#259;m 1826 ng&#432;&#7901;i con k&#7871; nghi&#7879;p cha là Alfred Krupp (1812-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language: IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'>1887) thành công bi&#7871;n nhà máy nh&#7887; thành l&#7853;p Cty kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; t&#7841;i Âu Châu &#273;&#7875; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t v&#361; khí, &#273;&#7841;i bác </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>có t&#7847;m b&#7855;n xa, t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; b&#7855;n nhanh h&#417;n, và c&#361;ng chính xác<span style='color:black'> quân Ph&#7893; (&#272;</span></span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'>&#7913;c) &#273;</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>ánh <span style='color:black'>th&#7855;ng </span>Hoàng &#273;&#7871; Napoléon III<span style='color:black'>. V&#7873; k&#7927; ngh&#7879; &#273;úc thép còn có nhà máy t&#7841;i Berlin-Tempelhof c&#7911;a August Borsig (1804-</span></span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1854) t&#7915; n&#259;m 1841 ch&#7871; t&#7841;o &#273;&#7847;u máy xe l&#7917;a danh ti&#7871;ng có tên  Borsig Lokomotive Werk-GmbH <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>        </span>Georg Simon Ohm (1789-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1854) &#7903; Erlangen phát minh &#273;&#7883;nh lu&#7853;t v&#7873; &#273;i&#7879;n tr&#7903; mang ký hi&#7879;u </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma'>(Symbol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>&#937;<span style='color:black'>).</span></span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma; color:black'> 1</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>&#937;<span style='color:black'> b&#7857;ng &#273;i&#7879;n kháng gi&#7919;a hai &#273;i&#7875;m trong m&#7897;t filiform, &#273;&#7873;u tempered conductor và kim lo&#7841;i &#273;&#7891;ng nh&#7845;t, mà trong &#273;i&#7879;n &#273;i&#7879;n áp c&#7911;a 1 volt (V) gi&#7919;a hai &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7889; &#273;&#7883;nh m&#7897;t temporally &#273;i&#7879;n hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i s&#7913;c m&#7841;nh c&#7911;a 1 ampere (A)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>SI-Eiheiten<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">                                     </span></span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="\mathrm{1\,\Omega = 1\,\frac{V}{A} = 1\,\frac{kg\,m^2}{A^2\, s^3} }" style='width:133.5pt;height:35.25pt'> <v:imagedata src="./madeingermany_files/image003.gif" o:href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/d/d/c/ddc8d944589da21e3c6ae3c6b430fd9d.png"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=178 height=47 src="./madeingermany_files/image003.gif" alt="\mathrm{1\,\Omega = 1\,\frac{V}{A} = 1\,\frac{kg\,m^2}{A^2\, s^3} }" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025"><![endif]></span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:333.0pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Chritian Friedrich Schönbein (1799-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1868)</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> <span style='color:black'>&#7903;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Baden Baden phát minh nitrozellulose lo&#7841;i ch&#7845;t n&#7893; m&#7899;i có s&#7913;c công phá m&#7841;nh h&#417;n thu&#7889;c n&#7893; c&#361;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;tab-stops:205.55pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Friedrich Wöhler (1800-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1882) &#7903; Escherheim t</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma'>&#7893;ng h&#7907;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#7907;p ch&#7845;t h&#7919;u c&#417; t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng v&#7853;t vô c&#417;. Là ng&#432;&#7901;i sáng l&#7853;p ngành hoá h&#7919;u c&#417;,<span style='color:black'> ch&#7871; acid sulphuric và tách &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cocain, t&#7893;ng h&#7907;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c urê và acit Oxalit, (&#273;ã giúp Liebig thành công ch&#7871; phân bón vào nông nghi&#7879;p và sinh lý h&#7885;c ) Wöhler ch&#7871; t&#7841;o nhôm, tách nhôm thành s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m t&#7889;t và &#273;&#7883;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7927; tr&#7885;ng.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Julius Plücker (1801-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language: IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'>1868) và Heinrich Geißer (1814-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language: IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'>1879) nghiên c&#7913;u khi hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng dòng &#273;i&#7879;n ch&#7841;y qua &#7889;ng th&#7911;y tinh chân không  Gasentladungsröhre phát ra tia sáng,  Geißlerschen Röhre ti&#7873;n thân cho lo&#7841;i &#273;èn qu&#7843;ng cáo ngày nay. N&#259;m 1869 Johann Wilhelm Hittorf (1824-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1914) &#7903; Bonn ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c nghiên c&#7913;u ch&#7913;ng minh trong &#7889;ng thu&#7927; tinh  Hittorfröhe &#7903; áp su&#7845;t khí th&#7845;p s&#7921; phát sáng bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t nh&#432;ng &#7903; thành &#7889;ng &#273;&#7889;i di&#7879;n v&#7899;i tia cathot s&#7869; sáng lên, ph&#7843;i có m&#7897;t dòng &#273;i&#7879;n âm &#273;i xuyên qua &#7889;ng thu&#7927; tinh, m&#7855;t th&#432;&#7901;ng không th&#7875; nhìn th&#7845;y, tia cathot khi &#273;i qua ch&#7841;m vào th&#7911;y tinh phát sáng (fluorescene/hu&#7923;nh quang). Tia sáng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Eugen Goldstein (1850-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1930) g&#7885;i là tia Kathodenstrahlen/ cathode ray tubes, ti&#7871;p theo nh&#7919;ng nhà nghiên c&#7913;u phát hi&#7879;n electron cho ngành v&#7853;t lý nguyên t&#7917;.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Christian Doppler (1803-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1853) phát hi&#7879;n hi&#7879;u &#7913;ng mang tên ông, là s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i t&#7847;n s&#7889; theo v&#7853;n t&#7889;c t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i gi&#7919;a ngu&#7891;n phát âm và ng&#432;&#7901;i quan sát, &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c cho âm thanh h&#7885;c sau &#273;ó cho thiên v&#259;n, v&#7853;t lý và y khoa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h1 style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; font-weight:normal'>Justus von Liebig (1803-</span><span lang=IT style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:normal'>1873) nhà hóa h&#7885;c &#273;óng góp to l&#7899;n trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c nông nghi&#7879;p là &quot;cha &#273;&#7867; c&#7911;a ngành công nghi&#7879;p phân bón&quot;. Hoá h&#7885;c h&#7919;u c&#417; trong &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng c&#7911;a nó vào nông nghi&#7879;p và sinh lý hóa. Ông &#273;ã mang l&#7841;i cu&#7897;c cách m&#7841;ng cho nông nghi&#7879;p canh tác bi&#7871;t dùng phân bón làm cho &#273;&#7845;t màu m&#7905;, thu ho&#7841;ch th&#7921;c ph&#7849;m t&#259;ng &#273;áp &#7913;ng &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i sung túc h&#417;n<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Whilhelm Weber (1804-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1891) &#7903; Wittenberg<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>&#273;o &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7927; l&#7879; gi&#7919;a c&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7897; &#273;i&#7879;n t&#7915; và t&#297;nh &#273;i&#7879;n b&#7857;ng t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; ánh sáng, phát minh &#273;i&#7879;n tín b&#7857;ng &#273;i&#7879;n t&#7915; d&#7921;a theo &#273;&#7883;nh lu&#7853;t c&#7911;a Faraday, &#273;ây là &#273;i&#7879;n tín &#273;&#7847;u tiên c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1899) nhà Hoá h&#7885;c &#7903; Göttingen ch&#7871; t&#7841;o nhôm b&#7857;ng &#273;i&#7879;n phân nóng ch&#7843;y nhôm là v&#7853;t li&#7879;u c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t &#273;&#7875; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t trong ngành ch&#7871; t&#7841;o máy bay.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0; text-align:left;margin-left:0;margin-top:11.75pt;width:94.15pt;height:101.9pt; z-index:3;mso-position-horizontal:left'> <v:imagedata src="./madeingermany_files/image004.jpg" o:title="siemens"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=125 height=136 src="./madeingermany_files/image005.jpg" align=left hspace=12 v:shapes="_x0000_s1030"><![endif]><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Julius Robert Mayer (1814-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1878) là bác s&#297; c&#361;ng là nhà V</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>&#7853;t lý, p<span style='color:black'>hát minh &#273;&#7883;nh lu&#7853;t b&#7843;o toàn n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng làm &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7899;n &#273;&#7871;n các ngành khoa h&#7885;c v&#7899;i t&#7853;p</span> xét v&#7873; l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng, tính ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a inanimate<span style='color:black'>  Bemerkungen über Kräfte der unbelebten Natur/</span> Remarks on forces of inanimate nature<span style='color:black'> .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style='text-align:justify'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Werner von Siemens (1816-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>1892) &#7903; Lenthe g</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>&#7847;n<span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'> H</span>anover là ng&#432;&#7901;i sáng l&#7853;p ra hãng <span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>SIEMENS</span>. Ông nghiên c&#7913;u thành công ph&#432;&#417;ng pháp m&#7841; vàng b&#7841;c lên kim lo&#7841;i và sau &#273;ó ông thành công trong vi&#7879;c nghiên c&#7913;u ra m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i pháo bông &#273;&#7911; màu s&#7855;c. Thành công này làm ch&#7845;n &#273;&#7897;ng d&#432; lu&#7853;n b&#7845;y gi&#7901;. Ông &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hoàng gia chi&#7871;u c&#7889; và cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u thay &#273;&#7893;i. Ti&#7871;p theo, hàng lo&#7841;t thành công v&#7873; nghiên c&#7913;u<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>phát minh và kinh doanh: dùng acid kh&#7855;c b&#7843;n &#273;&#7891;ng, phát minh k&#7929; thu&#7853;t in k&#7869;m, dùng cao su b&#7885;c dây d&#7851;n &#273;i&#7879;n. Ông thành công &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;i&#7879;n tín Âu &#7844;n, &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng cáp ng&#7847;m xuyên &#272;&#7841;i Tây D&#432;&#417;ng. Sau hàng lo&#7841;t nh&#7919;ng phát minh, sáng ch&#7871;, Siemens còn tuy&#7875;n d&#7909;ng nhi&#7873;u nhân tài ki&#7879;t xu&#7845;t, chuyên gia ch&#7871; t&#7841;o máy phát &#273;i&#7879;n (dynamo)<span style='color:black'> ra &#273;&#7901;i n&#259;m 1866 và máy bi&#7871;n th&#7871; &#273;&#7875; truy&#7873;n t&#7843;i qua m&#7897;t kho&#7843;ng cách l&#7899;n v&#7899;i &#273;i&#7879;n th&#7871; l&#7899;n</span>, xe &#273;i&#7879;n, vô tuy&#7871;n truy&#7873;n hình, xe l&#7917;a& Công ty SIEMENS t&#7915; n&#259;m 1847 phát tri&#7875;n và thành công. Gia &#273;ình c&#7911;a anh em Siemens &#273;&#7875; l&#7841;i di s&#7843;n l&#7899;n cho nhân lo&#7841;i (</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>hình Werner von Siemens)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Công ty quang h&#7885;c Carl Zeiss (1816-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1888) h&#7907;p tác v&#7899;i nhà toán h&#7885;c và v&#7853;t lý Ersnt Able (1840-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1905) Otto Schott ch&#7871; t&#7841;o nh&#7919;ng lo&#7841;i kính hi&#7875;n vi &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t, chính xác, kính ch&#7909;p &#7843;nh. Ngày nay Zeiss là công ty kính quang h&#7885;c n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng th&#7871; gi&#7899;i dùng làm thi&#7871;t b&#7883; trong ngành gi&#7843;i ph&#7851;u v&#7873; m&#7855;t và ch&#7871; t&#7841;o microchips& <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Max Josef von Pettenkofer (1818-1901) &#7903; Donau nghiên c</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>&#7913;u các y&#7871;u t&#7889; &#7843;nh</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n s&#7913;c kho&#7867; và b&#7879;nh t&#7853;t, nh&#7919;ng k&#7871; ho&#7841;ch y t&#7871; trong vi&#7879;c ch&#7919;a tr&#7883; và phòng ng&#7915;a. Rút t&#7881;a ra &#273;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a c&#259;n b&#7879;nh, liên h&#7879; t&#7915; nguyên nhân &#273;&#7871;n tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng và t&#7841;o k&#7871; ho&#7841;ch &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; hay phòng ng&#7915;a. T&#7915; &#273;ó ngành y t&#7871; ra &#273;&#7901;i <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Rudolf Virchow (1821-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1902) phát hi&#7879;n b&#7879;nh là do s&#7921; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i v&#7853;t lý, hoá tính trong t&#7871; bào ( Zellularpathologie) T&#7871; bào là nhân t&#7889; c&#7911;a s&#7921; s&#7889;ng <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h1 style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; font-weight:normal'>Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-</span><span lang=IT style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:normal'>1849) &#7903; Berlin &#273;óng góp quan tr&#7885;ng trong m&#7897;t s&#7889; lãnh v&#7921;c khoa h&#7885;c, Sinh lý h&#7885;c, chuyên v&#7873; các tính toán c&#7911;a m&#7855;t, các lý thuy&#7871;t v&#7873; s&#7913;c nhìn và c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n v&#7873; không gian c&#7911;a m&#7855;t, các nghiên c&#7913;u th&#7883; l&#7921;c màu. N&#259;m 1851 Helmholtz &#273;ã làm m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c cách m&#7841;ng trong khoa khám ch&#7919;a m&#7855;t v&#7899;i phát minh kính soi &#273;áy m&#7855;t (<i>ophthalmoscope</i>); m&#7897;t d&#7909;ng c&#7909; dùng &#273;&#7875; khám ph&#7847;n bên trong c&#7911;a m&#7855;t. Phát minh này &#273;ã làm ông n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng th&#7871; gi&#7899;i ngay l&#7853;p t&#7913;c. Các &#273;i&#7873;u Helmholtz quan tâm vào lúc &#273;ó t&#7853;p trung thêm vào sinh lý h&#7885;c c&#7911;a các giác quan.<span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1> <p style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Friedrich Siemens (1826-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:IT'> 1</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>949) là em c&#7911;a Werner V. Siemens, n&#259;m 1864 phát minh ph&#432;&#417;ng pháp luy</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'>&#7879;n thép  </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>S  M-Stahl </span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:333.0pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Nicolaus August Otto (1832-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1891) &#273;ã có nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i nghiên c&#7913;u cách ch&#7871; t&#7841;o máy xe, tr&#432;&#7899;c khi Otto phát minh thành công vi&#7879;c ch&#7871; t&#7841;o &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; 4 thì, có kh&#7843; n&#259;ng &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng th&#7921;c ti&#7877;n t&#7841;i Köln. Sau &#273;ó Benz, Maybach và Daimler ch&#7871; t&#7841;o &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7919;ng chi&#7871;c xe giúp ph&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7879;n l&#432;u thông cho nhân lo&#7841;i<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:333.0pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Johann Philipp Reis (1834-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1874) &#7903; Friedrichsdorf ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7847;u tiên sáng ch&#7871; &#273;i&#7879;n tho&#7841;i n&#259;m 1861 t&#7841;i</span><span class=normaltext01><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma'> Frankfurt am Main</span></span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>, sau &#273;ó Alexander Grahm Bell (1847-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> 1</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>922) và Edioson ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c nghiên c&#7913;u thành công và &#273;&#432;a vào vi&#7879;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Adolf von Baeyer (1835-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>1917) &#7903; Berlin phân tách và t&#7893;ng h&#7907;p thu&#7889;c nh&#7897;m (organischen Farbstoff). N&#259;m 1905 nh&#7853;n gi&#7843;i Nobel v&#7873; hóa h&#7885;c<span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">         </span>Ernst von Bergmann (1836-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1807) n&#259;m 1885 th</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>&#7921;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#432;&#417;ng pháp s&#7921; vô trùng Asepsis <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin (1838-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>1917) &#7903; Konstanz là s&#297; quan c&#7845;p t&#432;&#7899;ng v&#7873; h&#432;u, n&#259;m 1914 ch&#7871; chi&#7871;c phi thuy&#7873;n  Zeppeline v&#7899;i khung thành c&#7913;ng thành công, dài 150-160m và 22.000- 25000 m</span><span class=berschrift3Zchn><span lang=DE style='mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:normal'>³ </span></span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>có th&#7875; t&#7843;i n&#7863;ng 9 t&#7845;n, v&#7853;n t&#7889;c 80 km/h v&#7899;i 3 Motoren c&#7911;a Wilhelm Maybach (3 x 147 KW= 3x 200PS). Bay vòng quanh trái &#273;&#7845;t, n&#259;m 1928 &#273;áp xu&#7889;ng Tokyo. T&#7915; k&#7871;t qu&#7843; n&#7847;y cha con Maybach thành l&#7853;p công ty &quot;Luftfahrzeug-Motorenbau-GmbH Bissinger . Chi&#7871;c phi thuy&#7873;n n&#7847;y n&#259;m 1997 t&#7841;i Friedrichshafen g&#7847;n Bodensee ch&#7871; t&#7841;o theo k&#7929; thu&#7853;t m&#7899;i n&#259;m 2001 thu hút &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Carl von Linde (1842-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1934) &#7903;</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> Berndorf Oberfranken, nghiên c&#7913;u<span style='color:black'> hóa l&#7887;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c khí &#7903; nhi&#7879;t &#273;&#7897; -191<sup>o</sup> C. Sau &#273;ó c&#7845;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c không khí, &#273;&#7875; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng trong nghành &#273;i&#7879;n l&#7841;nh và oxy l&#7887;ng cho công nghi&#7879;p luy&#7879;n thép. Ch&#7871; máy l&#7841;nh b&#7857;ng ammoniac &#273;&#7875; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng làm nhà máy n&#432;&#7899;c &#273;á, trong các nhá máy ch&#7871; beer, th&#7921;c ph&#7849;m& <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0; text-align:left;margin-left:0;margin-top:9.2pt;width:69.6pt;height:91.8pt; z-index:6;mso-position-horizontal:left'> <v:imagedata src="./madeingermany_files/image006.jpg" o:title="images"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=93 height=123 src="./madeingermany_files/image006.jpg" align=left hspace=12 v:shapes="_x0000_s1034"><![endif]><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>Robert Koch (1843-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language: IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'>1910), phát hi&#7879;n vi khu&#7849;n lao, d&#7883;ch t&#7843;, s&#7889;t th&#432;&#417;ng hàn, lo&#7841;i vi khu&#7849;n gây ra b&#7879;nh than (Milzbrandbazillus) và ch&#7871; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Tuberkulin, m&#7897;t protein chi&#7871;t xu&#7845;t t&#7915; mu&#7889;i c&#7845;y vi trùng lao, dùng &#273;&#7875; th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m xem m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;ã m&#7855;c b&#7879;nh lao hay &#273;ã ti&#7871;p xúc v&#7899;i b&#7879;nh lao hay ch&#432;a? ông là cha &#273;&#7867;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>c&#7911;a ngành vi khu&#7849;n h&#7885;c<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:333.0pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>(Hình Robert Koch)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:333.0pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:333.0pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1923), nh&#7853;n gi&#7843;i Nobel &#273;&#7847;u tiên trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; (1901),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>n&#259;m 1895 ông thí nghi&#7879;m v&#7899;i tia cathot g&#7891;m dòng electron trong &#7889;ng th&#7911;y tinh thành công,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>phát hi&#7879;n ra t&#7915; &#7889;ng nghi&#7879;m ch&#7913;a tia cathot b&#7883; ph&#7911; kín hoàn toàn, m&#7897;t vài lo&#7841;i hình c&#7911;a tia b&#7913;c x&#7841; không th&#7875; nhìn th&#7845;y. Ông g&#7885;i b&#7913;c x&#7841; không nhìn th&#7845;y là tia quang tuy&#7871;n X các &#7849;n s&#7889; trong &#273;&#7841;i s&#7889; h&#7885;c, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c áp d&#7909;ng r&#7897;ng rãi trong công ngh</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>&#7879; và<span style='color:black'> ngành Y Khoa g&#7885;i là Röntgen. </span>Vi&#7879;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng tia quang tuy&#7871;n X trong vi&#7879;c xác &#273;&#7883;nh b&#7879;nh lý v&#7873; x&#432;&#417;ng, và các b&#7879;nh t&#7853;t khác trong c&#417; th&#7875;<span style='color:black'>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (1845-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>1918) &#7903; St. Pertrburg. </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>Ông là ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng vì &#273;ã t&#7841;o ra lý thuy&#7871;t t&#7853;p h&#7907;p, lý thuy&#7871;t tr&#7903; thành m&#7897;tl ý thuy&#7871;t n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng trong toán h&#7885;c. Hibert g&#7885;i &#273;ó là  <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>tinh hoa &#273;áng ng&#432;&#7905;ng m&#7897; nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a trí tu&#7879; con ng&#432;&#7901;i</i> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1039" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0; text-align:left;margin-left:0;margin-top:29.7pt;width:165.1pt;height:134.9pt; z-index:8;mso-position-horizontal:left'> <v:imagedata src="./madeingermany_files/image007.jpg" o:title="Stuttgart-cannstatt-daimler-kutsche-1886"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=220 height=179 src="./madeingermany_files/image008.jpg" align=left hspace=12 v:shapes="_x0000_s1039"><![endif]><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Wilhelm Maybach (1846-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1929)</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> &#7903; Reutlinger<span style='color:black'> </span>Maybach g&#7863;p Gotlieb Daimler (1834-1900).</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Daimler &#273;ã phát tri&#7875;n v&#7873; t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; cao và &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; x&#259;ng, xe b&#7889;n bánh có motor. Wilheim Maybach tr&#7903; thành ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#7897;ng s&#7921;, ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n thân thi&#7871;t cho &#273;&#7871;n khi Daimler m&#7845;t. Tháng 9 n&#259;m 1869, ông chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7871;n Karlsruhe cùng Daimler và tham gia vào công ty &quot;Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz&quot;. Vi&#7879;c này cho phép ông nghiên c&#7913;u &#273;&#7875; thi&#7871;t k&#7871; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; &#273;&#7889;t trong có t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; cao và tr&#7885;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng nh&#7865;, thích h&#7907;p c&#7843; d&#432;&#7899;i n&#432;&#7899;c và trên c&#7841;n</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'>. </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>N&#259;m 1882 Daimler r&#7901;i Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz và cùng Maybach &#273;&#7871;n làm vi&#7879;c cho Cannstatt. N&#259;m 1885, m&#7897;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7855;p vào m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c xe b&#7857;ng g&#7895;, và m&#7897;t n&#259;m sau &#273;ó là chi&#7871;c xe ng&#7921;a. Wilheim Maybach nhanh chóng nh&#7853;n ra r&#7857;ng ông không th&#7875; ch&#7881; b&#7857;ng lòng v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c l&#7855;p &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; cho xe ng&#7921;a</span><span lang=DE style='font-family: Tahoma'>. </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma'>Ông thi&#7871;t k&#7871;<span style='color:black'> xe h&#417;i 4 thì ch&#7841;y b&#7857;ng x&#259;ng, </span>ch&#7845;m d&#7913;t k&#7927; nguyên xe ng&#7921;a ông &#273;óng góp phát tri&#7875;n</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>cho ngành k&#7929; ngh&#7879;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>xe h&#417;i. N&#259;m 1895 ông &#273;ã thi&#7871;t k&#7871; chi&#7871;c xe &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; 4 xy lanh &#273;&#7847;u tiên. V&#7873; ngành xe h&#417;i &#272;&#7913;c là quê h&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7847;u tiên c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. Công trình c&#7911;a nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;óng góp &#273;ó là : Nicolaus Otto, Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach và<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Karl Benz phát tri&#7875;n &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; hai thì và b&#7889;n thì cho các lo&#7841;i xe hai, ba, b&#7889;n bánh và thuy&#7873;n. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:205.55pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0; text-align:left;margin-left:0;margin-top:.4pt;width:205.8pt;height:148.95pt; z-index:2;mso-position-horizontal:left'> <v:imagedata src="./madeingermany_files/image009.jpg" o:title="Lilienthal_in_flight"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=274 height=198 src="./madeingermany_files/image010.jpg" align=left hspace=12 v:shapes="_x0000_s1029"><![endif]><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Otto Lilienthal (1848-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> 1</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>896) th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c gi&#7845;c m&#417; bay c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, &#273;óng góp l&#7899;n cho ngành hàng không, n&#259;m 1891</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i  máy bay &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n ch&#7881; g&#7891;m các cánh dài n&#7889;i l&#7841;i v&#7899;i nhau và g&#7855;n ch&#7863;t v&#7899;i thân mình ông &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7843; bay t&#7915; trên &#273;&#7891;i cao. Nên th&#7901;i &#273;ó ng&#432;&#7901;i ta g&#7885;i ông là &quot;ng&#432;&#7901;i chim&quot;. N&#259;m 1896 ông qua &#273;&#7901;i trong lúc &#273;ang bay th&#7917; &#7903; &#273;&#7897; cao kho&#7843;ng 7 m, b&#7883; c&#417;n gió m&#7841;nh th&#7893;i t&#7899;i làm máy bay r&#417;i xu&#7889;ng, tính &#273;&#7871;n ngày t&#7917; vong ông &#273;ã th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n h&#417;n 2000 chuy&#7871;n bay. (hình Otto &#273;ang bay l&#432;&#7907;n)<span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;tab-stops:205.55pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Oskar Hertwig (1849-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1922) &#7903; Friedberg n&#259;m 1875</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> nghiên c&#7913;u t&#7871; bào, các di truy&#7873;n. C<span style='color:black'>h</span>&#7913;ng minh s&#7921; thai nghén là k&#7871;t qu&#7843; c&#7911;a s&#7921; k&#7871;t h&#7907;p gi&#7919;a hai t&#7871; bào sinh s&#7843;n &#273;&#7921;c và cái (1875 erstmals beim Seeigel die Befruchtung einer weiblichen Eizelle durch eine männliche Keimzelle).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:333.0pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1918) phát hi&#7879;n s&#7921; ghép n&#7889;i kim lo&#7841;i và bán d&#7851;n hi&#7879;u &#7913;ng ch&#7881;nh l&#432;u, m&#7897;t hi&#7879;u &#7913;ng c&#259;n b&#7843;n cho nghiên c&#7913;u và &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng trong ngành s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t  chip &#273;i&#7879;n t&#7917; Semiconductor sau này. Ông ch&#7871; t&#7841;o &#7889;ng Braum t&#7915; &#7889;ng tia cathot ph&#7845;n quan tr&#7885;ng c&#7911;a dao &#273;&#7897;ng ký (Oscillograph) là d&#7841;ng &#273;&#7847;u tiên c&#7911;a &#7889;ng hình và vô tuy&#7871;n truy&#7873;n hình, Ông c&#361;ng hoàn chính k&#7929; thu&#7853;t &#273;i&#7879;n tín không dây và ngành v&#7853;t lý v&#7873; t&#7847;n s&#7889; cao  Hochfrequenzphysik .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:333.0pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:333.0pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Emil Fischer (1852-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language: IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'>1919) n&#259;m 1902 t&#7893;ng h&#7907;p v&#7873; &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng và Purine<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:333.0pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:333.0pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Arthur Nikolair phát hi&#7879;n tr&#7921;c khu&#7849;n gây ra phong &#273;òn gánh, thì Emil von Behring (1854-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1917) &#7903; Rosenberg, t</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma'>&#7915;ng ph&#7909; tá cho nhà vi trùng h&#7885;c<span style='color:black'> Robert Koch. Behring ch&#7871; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c serum</span>, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t là cách s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7875; ch&#7919;a b&#7879;nh b&#7841;ch h&#7847;u<span style='color:black'> /Diphtherie và phát hi&#7879;n kháng &#273;&#7897;c t&#7889; cho b&#7879;nh phong &#273;òn gánh/</span>Tetanusheilserum<span style='color:black'>. Behring nh</span>&#7853;n gi&#7843;i  Prix Alberto Levi c&#7911;a Pháp (1895), và gi&#7843;i Nobel &#273;&#7847;u tiên v&#7873; Y Khoa (1901)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:333.0pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Sigmund Freud (1856-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1939) &#7903; Freiburg là </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>bác s&#297; v&#7873; th&#7847;n kinh và tâm lý<span style='color:black'> cùng Josef Breuer (1842-</span></span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1925) ng&#432;</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>&#7901;i Áo<span style='color:black'> m&#7903; &#273;&#7847;u môn phân tâm h&#7885;c là nh&#7919;ng nghiên c&#7913;u v&#7873; Hysterie (các b&#7879;nh tâm</span> lý cu&#7891;ng lo&#7841;n<span style='color:black'>).</span> Ph&#432;&#417;ng pháp phân tâm h&#7885;c c&#7911;a ông v&#7899;i các ph&#432;&#417;ng pháp &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; khác .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0; text-align:left;margin-left:0;margin-top:2.75pt;width:180pt;height:136.2pt; z-index:4;mso-position-horizontal:left'> <v:imagedata src="./madeingermany_files/image011.jpg" o:title="180px-Mercedes-simplex-508"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=240 height=181 src="./madeingermany_files/image012.jpg" align=left hspace=12 v:shapes="_x0000_s1031"><![endif]><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Max Planck(1858-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1947) </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>nghiên c&#7913;u v&#7873; </span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'>L</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>ý thuy&#7871;t l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#7917; (Quantentheorie) qua phát hi&#7879;n l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#7917; c&#259;n b&#7843;n là thành t&#7921;u khoa h&#7885;c l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a Max Planck . Theo thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a Planck, t&#7915; tính c&#7911;a m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#7917; ánh sáng ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c vào t&#7847;n s&#7889; ánh sáng và t&#7927; l&#7879; v&#7899;i kh&#7889;i l&#432;&#7907;ng v&#7853;t lý (ký hi&#7879;u: h) trong nguyên t&#7917;. B&#7913;c x&#7841; phát ra c&#7911;a nguyên t&#7917; không liên t&#7909;c mà theo các b&#7853;c n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng E=h.v (E là n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng, h là h&#7857;ng s&#7889; Plank, v là t&#7847;n s&#7889;),<span style='color:black'> ông nh</span>&#7853;n gi&#7843;i Nobel n&#259;m 1918<span style='color:black'>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Rudolf Diesel (1858-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language: IT'> 1</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'>913)</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> &#7903;</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'> &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c München ch&#7871; t&#7841;o máy n&#7893; Diesel ch&#7841;y b&#7857;ng d&#7847;u c&#7863;n, s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ch&#7845;t &#273;&#7889;t cho ra nhi&#7873;u n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng, ông cho ép ch&#7845;t &#273;&#7889;t và không khí m&#7841;nh h&#417;n m&#7897;t máy n&#7893; x&#259;ng và làm cho h&#7895;n h&#7907;p nóng &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7897; có th&#7875; cháy mà không c&#7847;n l&#7917;a,</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>trong nhà máy c&#417; khí Ausburg<span style='color:black'>. (là</span></span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> nhà máy</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'> MAN).</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Tàu th&#7911;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c trang b&#7883; &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; diesel &#273;&#7847;u tiên ra &#273;&#7901;i n&#259;m 1903. N&#259;m 1908 &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; Diesel lo&#7841;i nh&#7887; &#273;&#7847;u tiên, xe t&#7843;i và &#273;&#7847;u tàu h&#7887;a Diesel &#273;&#7847;u tiên &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7871; t&#7841;o. &#272;&#7897;ng c&#417; diesel dùng cho xe h&#417;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7871; t&#7841;o hàng lo&#7841;t l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u tiên trong n&#259;m 1936<span style='color:black'> (chi&#7871;c Mercedes &#273;&#7847;u tiên 35 PS)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Ludwig Knorr (1859-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1921) &#7903; München ch&#7871; Anitipyrin thu&#7889;c h&#7841; nhi&#7879;t và gi&#7843;m &#273;au, sau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Joseph Liter (1827-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language: IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'>1929) ng&#432;&#7901;</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'>i Anh</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>phát minh vi&#7879;c &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; v&#7871;t th&#432;&#417;ng b&#7857;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng pháp kh&#7917; trùng.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Carl Ludwig Schleich (1859-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1922) &#7903; Stettin là nhà gi&#7843;i ph</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>&#7849;u h&#7885;c,<span style='color:black'> sáng t&#7841;o &#273;&#432;&#7907;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t gây mê c&#7909;c b&#7897; (Lokalanäthesie)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Eduard Buchner (1860-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1917) tìm ra Enzyme phát hi&#7879;n zymase là ch&#7845;t làm nên quá trình lên men.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:333.0pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Robert Bosch (1861-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1942) thành công trong vi&#7879;c t&#7893;ng h&#7907;p ammoniac t&#7915; khí Nit&#417; trong<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>không khí và hydro trong n&#432;&#7899;c.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>David Hilbert (1862-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>1943) &#7903; Königsberg là m&#7897;t nhà toán h&#7885;c l&#7899;n cu&#7843; &#272;&#7913;c &#273;óng góp cho n&#7873;n toán<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>h&#7885;c,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>&#273;&#432;&#7907;c công nh&#7853;n nh&#432; là m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng nhà toán h&#7885;c có &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng r&#7897;ng l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a th&#7871; k&#7927; 19 &#273;&#7847;u th&#7871; k&#7927; 20. Ông thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p tên tu&#7893;i nh&#432; là m&#7897;t nhà toán h&#7885;c và nhà khoa h&#7885;c v&#297; &#273;&#7841;i b&#7857;ng cách phát minh hay phát tri&#7875;n m&#7897;t lo&#7841;t các ý t&#432;&#7903;ng khác nhau, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432;: Lý thuy&#7871;t b&#7845;t bi&#7871;n, ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7873; hoá hình h&#7885;c và khái ni&#7879;m không gian là nh&#7919;ng n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng c&#7911;a gi&#7843;i tích hàm. Hilbert và các h&#7885;c sinh c&#7911;a ông &#273;ã xây d&#7921;ng &#273;&#7911; h&#7841; t&#7847;ng c&#417; s&#7903; toán h&#7885;c c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t cho c&#417; h&#7885;c l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#7917; và thuy&#7871;t t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i r&#7897;ng. Ông là m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng sáng l&#7853;p viên c&#7911;a lý thuy&#7871;t ch&#7913;ng minh logic toán h&#7885;c và s&#7921; phân bi&#7879;t gi&#7919;a toán h&#7885;c và meta toán h&#7885;c. Ông s&#7917; d&#7909;ng và b&#7843;o v&#7879; lý thuy&#7871;t t&#7853;p h&#7907;p c&#7911;a Cantor và các s&#7889; siêu h&#7841;n (<i>transfinite number</i>). Hilbert &#273;&#7847;u tiên li&#7879;t kê các khái ni&#7879;m ch&#432;a &#273;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a: &#273;i&#7875;m, &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng th&#7859;ng, m&#7863;t ph&#7859;ng, n&#7857;m trên (m&#7897;t quan h&#7879; gi&#7919;a các &#273;i&#7875;m và các m&#7863;t ph&#7859;ng),s&#7921; n&#7857;m gi&#7919;a, s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng d&#7841;ng gi&#7919;a các c&#7863;p &#273;i&#7875;m, và s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng d&#7841;ng gi&#7919;a các góc. Nh&#7919;ng tiên &#273;&#7873; này th&#7889;ng nh&#7845;t c&#7843; hình h&#7885;c ph&#7859;ng và không gian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Trên m&#7897; bia c&#7911;a ông &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ghi nh&#7899; <i>Wir müssen wissen, wir werden wissen</i> - Chúng ta ph&#7843;i bi&#7871;t, chúng ta s&#7869; bi&#7871;t</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'>.</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:205.55pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Einstein (1879-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language: IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'>1955) làm cu&#7897;c cách m&#7841;ng khoa h&#7885;c l&#7847;n th&#7913; hai <a style='mso-endnote-id:edn1' href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]>[1]<![endif]></span></b></span></a>, Einstein &#273;ã làm &#273;&#7893; v&#7905; n&#7873;n móng c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n, b&#7857;ng l&#7853;p lu&#7853;n khoa h&#7885;c xác &#273;áng, ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a ch&#7845;t ether, và do &#273;ó ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n luôn c&#7843; hai cái tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n (không gian tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i,và th&#7901;i gian tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i) b&#7857;ng Thuy&#7871;t t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i b&#7845;t h&#7911; c&#7911;a mình. Thuy&#7871;t t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i c&#7911;a riêng Einstein là phi&#7871;n &#273;á t&#7843;ng c&#7911;a n&#7873;n khoa h&#7885;c và công ngh&#7879; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i &#273;em l&#7841;i cách nhìn hoàn toàn m&#7899;i m&#7867; v&#7873; các v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;: không gian, th&#7901;i gian, v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t và n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:205.55pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:205.55pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Albert Einstein &#273;&#432;a ra Thuy&#7871;t T&#432;&#417;ng Ð&#7889;i n&#259;m 1916 làm n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng c&#7911;a khoa h&#7885;c và không gian <i>E&nbsp;=&nbsp;mc<sup>2</sup></i> (Energy <i>E</i> of a body is equal to its mass <i>m</i>, multiplied with the square of the speed of light, <i>c.</i>) tr&#7885;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng chính là th&#432;&#7899;c &#273;o cho n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng ch&#7913;a trong m&#7897;t v&#7853;t, chính xác h&#417;n, n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a m&#7897;t v&#7853;t b&#7857;ng tr&#7885;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng, nhân v&#7899;i bình ph&#432;&#417;ng v&#7853;n t&#7889;c ánh sáng <p class=MsoFooter><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>t&#7915; công th&#7913;c n&#7847;y M&#7929; &#273;ã thành<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b>công ch&#7871; 2 trái bom nguyên t&#7917;<a style='mso-endnote-id:edn2' href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]>[2]<![endif]></span></span></a> th&#7843; xu&#7889;ng hai thành ph&#7889; Hiroshima (06.8.1945) gi&#7871;t ch&#7871;t 130.000 ng&#432;&#7901;i và Nagasaki (09.8.1945) gi&#7871;t ch&#7871;t 75.000 ng&#432;&#7901;i. Nh&#7853;t &#273;&#7847;u hàng ngày 15.8.1945 chi&#7871;n tranh d&#7913;t &#7903; Á Châu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span><o:p></o:p></p> </span> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;tab-stops:205.55pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language: IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>1970) &#7903; Freiburg phát hi&#7879;n ra ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c v&#7873; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t và ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng c&#7911;a các Atmungsferments. Khám phá Cytochromoxidase, nghiên c&#7913;u trên metabolism c&#7911;a các t&#7871; bào ung th&#432; và các câu h&#7887;i c&#259;n b&#7843;n c&#7911;a các t&#7871; bào hô h&#7845;p. N&#259;m 1923 ông &#273;ã thành công trong <span style='color:black'>vi&#7879;c gi&#7843;i thích v&#7873; phân t&#7917;,</span> quá trình hô h&#7845;p c&#7911;a t&#7871; bào và tham gia vi&#7879;c xác &#273;&#7883;nh các enzymes, ông nghiên c&#7913;u vai trò c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c truy t&#7889; s&#7855;t và &#273;&#7891;ng, và các vitamin nh&#432; là m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n c&#7911;a enzymes và coenzyme. D&#7921;a trên &#273;i&#7873;u tra v&#7873; tumors bioneergetischen, v&#7873; s&#7921; phát tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a b&#7879;nh ung th&#432;. Ông nh&#7853;n Nobel n&#259;m 1931<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>         </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Otto Fritz Meyerhof (1884-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>1951) &#7903; Hannover</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> &#273;ã khám phá ra m&#7889;i liên quan gi&#7919;a s&#7921; tiêu th&#7909; oxygen và s&#7921; chuy&#7875;n hóa c&#7911;a acit lactic trong c&#417; b&#7855;p (<i>muscle metabolism</i>) và s&#7921; phân glucoza (<i>glycolysis</i>) nh&#7853;n gi&#7843;i Nobel 1922 <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0; text-align:left;margin-left:0;margin-top:71.9pt;width:220.5pt;height:153.25pt; z-index:1;mso-position-horizontal:left'> <v:imagedata src="./madeingermany_files/image013.jpg" o:title="braun"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=294 height=204 src="./madeingermany_files/image014.jpg" align=left hspace=12 v:shapes="_x0000_s1028"><![endif]><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>N&#259;m 1891, Oskar von Müller cùng v&#7899;i AEG (Allgemeine Elektrizität-Gesellschaft/</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>General Electricity Company<span style='color:black'>) thành công trong vi&#7879;c d&#7921;ng &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;i&#7879;n truy&#7873;n t&#7843;i dài v&#7899;i 200-220 KW v&#7899;i &#273;i&#7879;n th&#7871; 30.000 volt. Công ty AEG s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t các hàng &#273;i&#7879;n, &#273;&#7871;n turbine &#273;i&#7879;n, &#273;&#7847;u máy xe l&#7917;a... N&#259;m 1913 ngành &#273;&#7891; &#273;i&#7879;n &#272;&#7913;c phát tri&#7875;n m&#7841;nh thành công xu&#7845;t c&#7843;ng kh&#7855;p th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. Ph&#432;&#417;ng pháp làm vi</span></span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'>&#7879;c</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>&quot;<i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'>Qualität bekommt man nicht geschenkt, Qualität muss täglich neu erarbeitet werden/</i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> </span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Quality does not get a gift, quality must be developed day by day </span></i><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> t&#7841;m d&#7883;ch  Ph&#7849;m ch&#7845;t không ph&#7843;i v&#7853;t</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>bi&#7871;u không, ph&#7849;m ch&#7845;t ph&#7843;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c phát tri&#7875;n hàng ngày&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span></span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Wernher von Braun (1912-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language: IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>1977) ông lãnh &#273;&#7841;o ch&#432;&#417;ng trình<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>n&#259;m 1942 phát tri&#7875;n ch&#7871; h&#7887;a ti&#7873;n rakete A4 (A4 - A für Aggregat) sau &#273;ó &quot;Vergeltungswaffe 2&quot; (V2) bay xa và t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; nhanh (th&#7901;i &#273;&#7879; nh&#7883; th&#7871; chi&#7871;n &#272;&#7913;c Qu&#7889;c Xã). Ngày 7. September v&#7899;i 12.000 V2-Raketen b&#7855;n sang các qu&#7889;c gia: Hòa Lan, B&#7881;, Anh Qu&#7889;c (Niederlande, Belgien und London). Sau th&#7871; chi&#7871;n ông sang M&#7929; làm vi&#7879;ctrong c&#417; quan NASA, tr&#7903; thành là cha &#273;&#7867; ch&#432;&#417;ng trình không gian c&#7911;a M&#7929;. ( Braun và Rakete)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><u>V&#259;n H&#7885;c<o:p></o:p></u></i></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'>Ngoài nh&#7919;ng &#273;óng góp khoa h&#7885;c th&#7921;c d&#7909;ng h&#7919;u ích, v&#7873; V&#259;n ch&#432;&#417;ng, Tri&#7871;t Âm nh&#7841;c. V&#259;n h&#7885;c ti&#7871;ng &#272;&#7913;c t&#7915; th&#7901;i Trung c&#7893;, nh&#7919;ng nhà v&#259;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7853;n gi&#7843;i Nobel v&#259;n ch&#432;&#417;ng<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span></span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Theodor Mommsen (1817-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1903) &#7903; Garding là nhà S</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>&#7917;<span style='color:black'> h&#7885;c l&#7899;n v&#7873; L&#7883;ch s&#7917; La Mã.(Römische Geschichte), là nhà v&#259;n ng&#432;&#7901;i &#272;&#7913;c nh</span>&#7853;n gi&#7843;i Nobel &#273;&#7847;u tiên n&#259;m 1902, ti&#7871;p theo: Rudolf Christoph Eucken(1908); Gerhart- Hauptmann (1912);Thomas Mann (1929); Nelly Sachs (1966); Heinrich Böll (1972), Günter Grass (1999). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Friedrich Schiller (1759-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>1875) nhà v&#259;n, tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c thu&#7897;c tr&#432;&#7901;ng phái c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a tri&#7871;t gia Kant (1724-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>1804) c&#7911;a nhi&#7873;u l&#297;nh v&#7921;c khoa h&#7885;c nhân v&#259;n khác mu&#7889;n &#273;óng góp cho n&#7873;n giáo d&#7909;c t&#7889;t &#273;&#7865;p, làm ph&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7879;n &#273;&#432;a xã h&#7897;i phát tri&#7875;n &#273;&#7849;y lui s&#7921; thô b&#7841;o và xu&#7889;ng d&#7889;c. <span style='color:black'>Các tri&#7871;t gia gây &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng th&#7871; gi&#7899;i: Nietzche, Leibniz, Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Heidegger& .Hai nhà tri&#7871;t h&#7885;c Karl H. Marx (1818-</span></span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1883) và Friedrich Engels (1820-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1895) là cha &#273;&#7867; c&#7911;a ch&#7911; thuy&#7871;t c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n, &#273;ã làm cho th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#273;iên &#273;&#7843;o nhi&#7873;u th&#7853;p niên. (Ngày ch&#7881; cò</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>&#7919; n Vi&#7879;t Nam, Trung c&#7897;ng, B&#7855;c Hàn, Cuba còn theo ch&#7911; nghiã c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n!) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><u><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'>Âm nh&#7841;c h&#7897;i ho&#7841;</span></u></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><u><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1040" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0; text-align:left;margin-left:0;margin-top:97.8pt;width:205.8pt;height:154.35pt; z-index:9;mso-position-horizontal:left'> <v:imagedata src="./madeingermany_files/image015.jpg" o:title="800px-Albrecht_Dürer_041"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=275 height=206 src="./madeingermany_files/image016.jpg" align=left hspace=12 v:shapes="_x0000_s1040"><![endif]><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Ti&#7871;ng<span style='color:black'> &#272;&#7913;c  gi&#7885;ng h&#417;i khô nh&#7841;c tình c&#7843;m melodie nghe không hay nh&#432; nh&#7841;c M&#7929;, Pháp, nh&#432;ng có nh&#7919;ng nhà so&#7841;n nh&#7841;c l&#7915;ng danh nh&#432; :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-</span></span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1827) so&#7841;n nh&#7919;ng hòa t&#7845;u c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n b&#7845;t h&#7911;, dù lúc 40 tu</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>&#7893;i ông b&#7883; b&#7879;nh &#273;i&#7871;c, không th&#7875; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n tr&#432;&#7899;c công chúng, nh&#432;ng ông v&#7851;n sáng tác, nh&#7919;ng b&#7843;n giao h&#432;&#7903;ng m&#7841;nh m&#7869; âm h&#432;&#7903;ng lãng m&#7841;n, t&#7921; do và &#273;a d&#7841;ng di&#7877;n t&#7843; cái thi&#7879;n, m&#7929; ..làm &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng nh&#7841;c s&#297; giúp cho s&#7921; phát tri&#7875;n n&#7873;n âm nh&#7841;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7871; gi&#7899;i bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n<span style='color:black'> Johann Sebastian Bach Robert Schumann, Richard Wagner, Johannes Brahms, Richard Strass..</span>. (Hàng n&#259;m t&#7841;i nhà hát &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t Festspielhaus thành ph&#7889; Bayreuth ngày 25 tháng 7 &#273;&#7871;n 28 tháng 8 thu&#7897;c ti&#7875;u bang Bayern/Bavaria t&#7893; ch&#7913;c &#272;&#7841;i Nh&#7841;c H&#7897;i Liên Hoan Wagner, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i hâm m&#7897; &#273;&#7871;n xem, ngày khai m&#7841;c th&#432;&#7901;ng có Th&#7911; t&#432;&#7899;ng tham d&#7921;, l&#7847;n trình di&#7877;n &#273;&#7847;u tiên vào ngày 13.06.1876 &#273;&#7871;n nay (2009) &#273;&#432;&#7907;c 123 n&#259;m &#273;&#7875; nh&#7899; l&#7841;i n&#7873;n âm nh&#7841;c và k&#7883;ch ngh&#7879; &#272;&#7913;c qua nh&#7919;ng th&#7901;i h&#432;ng th&#7883;nh phát tri&#7875;n và t&#7891;n t&#7841;i)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><a name=".C3.82m_nh.E1.BA.A1c"></a><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Nhi&#7873;u nhà h&#7885;a n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng v&#7873; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t các tr&#432;&#7901;ng phái qua các th&#7901;i k&#7923;: ph&#7909;c h&#432;ng &#7903; Âu châu, &#273;&#7871;n th&#7901;i k&#7923; lãng m&#7841;n, siêu th&#7921;c nh&#432;: Albrecht Altdorfer; Lucas; Matthias Grünewald; Friedrich; Max Ernst; Joseph Beuys..Tiêu bi&#7875;u nh&#7845;t là ho&#7841; s&#297; Albrecht Dürer (1471-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>1528) t&#7841;i Nürnberg v&#7899;i tác ph&#7849;n n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng  <i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'>Th&#259;ng thiên và &#272;&#259;ng quang Maria </i></span> <p class=MsoNormal><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;background:black; mso-fareast-language:X-NONE;mso-bidi-language:X-NONE;layout-grid-mode:line'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class=MsoBodyTextIndent><a name="H.E1.BB.99i_h.E1.BB.8Da"></a><span lang=DE style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt'>Ng&#432;&#7901;i &#272;&#7913;c di c&#432; sang M&#7929; nh&#432;:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Heinrich Steinweg &#273;ã &#273;&#7893;i tên thành Henry Steinway thành l&#7853;p công ty Steinway &amp; Sons t&#7841;i New York s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#273;àn Piano. &#7902; &#272;&#7913;c, ông &#273;ã t&#7915;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#273;àn Piano n&#7895;i ti&#7871;ng t&#7841;i Wolshagen. Ông Löb Strauss quê &#7903; Buttenheim, ti&#7875;u bang Bavaria sang M&#7929; l&#7853;p nghi&#7879;p &#273;&#7893;i tên là Levi Strauss, thành l&#7853;p công ty Levis Strauss &amp; Co s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t qu&#7847;n Jeans t&#7915; n&#259;m 1853 &#7903; San Francisco.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Trong bài s&#432;u kh&#7843;o ng&#7855;n n&#7847;y, không tránh nh&#7919;ng thi&#7871;u sót tên tu&#7893;i các nhà : bác h&#7885;c, nhà v&#259;n, tri&#7871;t gia, nh&#7841;c s&#297;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>khác c&#7911;a &#272;&#7913;c &#273;ã &#273;óng góp s&#7921; khai phóng cho nhân lo&#7841;i. R&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u nhà bác h&#7885;c &#272;&#7913;c nh&#7853;n gi&#7843;i Nobel <a style='mso-endnote-id:edn3' href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]>[3]<![endif]></span></b></span></a> các ngành t&#7915; n&#259;m 1901-2009: V&#7853;t lý 22 ng&#432;&#7901;i; Hoá h&#7885;c 24 ng&#432;&#7901;i; Y khoa và Tri&#7871;t 15 ng&#432;&#7901;i; V&#259;n ch&#432;&#417;ng 7 ng&#432;&#7901;i; Kinh t&#7871; 1 ng&#432;&#7901;i, Hòa </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>bình<span style='color:black'> 5 ng&#432;&#7901;i. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7853;n gi&#7843;i Nobel là ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929;, &#273;i</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>&#7873;u n&#7847;y</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>d&#7877; hi&#7875;u vì Hoa k&#7923; là Hi&#7879;p ch&#7911;ng qu&#7889;c mi&#7873;n &#273;&#7845;t h&#7913;a &#273;ã thâu nh&#7853;n nhi&#7873;u nhân tài trên th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, và nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7903; các qu&#7889;c gia Âu Châu có truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng phát tri&#7875;n v</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>&#7873; Khoa h&#7885;c lâu &#273;&#7901;i<span style='color:black'>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Tuy nhiên v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; làm cho chúng ta suy ngh&#297; n&#259;m 1973 gi&#7843;i th&#432;&#7903;ng Nobel hoà bình trao cho Henry Kissinger và Lê &#272;&#7913;c Th&#7885;. V&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; chính tr&#7883; &#273;ã làm m&#7845;t &#273;i giá tr&#7883; gi&#7843;i Nobel hoà bình &#273;ã trao n&#259;m &#273;ó!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Mong m&#7897;t ngày trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai s&#7869; có nhân tài th&#7853;t s&#7921; là ng&#432;&#7901;i Vi&#7879;t Nam &#273;&#432;&#7907;c vinh d&#7921; nh&#7853;n gi&#7843;i Nobel. Dân t&#7897;c Trung Hoa th&#432;&#7901;ng t&#7921; hào có n&#7873;n v&#259;n hoá lâu &#273;&#7901;i, h&#417;n m&#7897;t t&#7927; ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#432;ng ch&#7881; có hai ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;</span>&#7873;u h&#7885;c t&#7841;i &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Chicago Hoa K&#7923; n&#259;m 1946 là:<span style='color:black'> Chen Ning Yang </span></span><span class=lang><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma'>&#26954;&#25391;&#23527;</span></span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>(1922-) và Tsung-Dao Lee </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma'>&#26446;&#25919;&#36947;</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma;color:black'>(1926-) nh&#7853;n chung gi&#7843;i Nobel V&#7853;t lý v</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>&#7873;  Elementary particle <span style='color:black'> n&#259;m 1957 <a style='mso-endnote-id:edn4' href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]>[4]<![endif]></span></b></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c lâu &#273;&#7901;i danh ti&#7871;n c&#7911;a &#272;&#7913;c nh&#432;: &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Heidelberg (1386); &#272;H Köln (1388); &#272;H Erfurt(1392); &#272;H Leipzig (1409); &#272;H Rostock (1419) &#272;H Freiburg (1457); &#272;H Basel (1460; &#272;H Ingolstadt(1472), &#272;H Tier (1473) &#272;H Mainz và &#272;H Tübingen (1477). B&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u th&#7871; k&#7927; th&#7913; 15 nhi&#7873;u &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c ra &#273;&#7901;i, trong th&#7901;i gian t&#7915; 1865-1890 các tr&#432;&#7901;ng bách khoa k&#7929; thu&#7853;t (Polytechnika) &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chuy&#7875;n thành &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u là &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Karlsruhe (1865) &#272;H München (1868) &#272;H Berlin (1879) &#272;H Aachen (1870); &#272;H Danzig 1904; &#272;H Breslau (1910) </span><a style='mso-endnote-id:edn5' href="#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]>[5]<![endif]></span></span></b></span></a><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma;color:black'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>&#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c &#272;</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>&#7913;c chú tr&#7885;ng s&#7921; (Einheit der Lehre und Forshung) s&#7921; th&#7889;ng nh&#7845;t gi&#7919;a d&#7841;y h&#7885;c và nghiên c&#7913;u, (Lehrfreiheit) t&#7921; do d&#7841;y, (Lernfreiheit) t&#7921; do h&#7885;c. S&#7921; gi&#7843;ng d&#7841;y t&#7921; do g&#7855;n li&#7873;n v&#7899;i nghiên c&#7913;u &#273;&#7897;c l&#7853;p, &#273;áp &#7913;ng khoa h&#7885;c ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7897;c l&#7853;p và thu&#7847;n túy.  <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>M&#7909;c &#273;ích th&#7853;t s&#7921; c&#7911;a &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c không ph&#7843;i là h&#7885;c, mà là s&#7921; &#273;ánh th&#7913;c m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i m&#7899;i trong thanh niên m&#7897;t tinh th&#7847;n khoa h&#7885;c</i> . Ngoài các tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c, &#7903; &#272;&#7913;c còn có nhi&#7873;u Vi&#7879;n nghiên c&#7913;u và Trung tâm thí nghi&#7879;m. Nh&#7919;ng trung tâm V&#7853;t lý <span style='color:black'>&#7903; Berlin, Göttingen và München &#273;óng góp thành công v&#7867; vang cho khoa h&#7885;c &#272;&#7913;c và th</span>&#7871; gi&#7899;i<span style='color:black'>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><u><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Tr&#7843;i qua nh&#7919;ng th&#7901;i h&#432;ng th&#7883;nh<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><u><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>N&#432;&#7899;c &#272;&#7913;c có nhi&#7873;u nhân tài nên ngành k&#7929; ngh&#7879; n&#7863;ng phát tri&#7875;n m&#7841;nh nh&#432; luy&#7879;n thép, s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t các lo&#7841;i xe &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i &#432;a thích Mecerdes Benz, BMW, WV, Audi, xe bus hãng Man v&#7873; Qu&#7889;c phòng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t xe t&#259;ng t&#7889;i tân  Leopards ..., Thành ph&#7889; Munich thu&#7897;c ti&#7875;u bang Bavaria có nh&#7919;ng hãng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t xe nh&#432;: BMW di</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>&#7879;n tích r&#7897;ng 500.000 </span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'>m².</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> Có chi&#7873;u dài 1km ngang 500m, 9000 công nhân s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t, 1000 ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#7885;c ngh&#7873;, h&#7885;c 300 ngh&#7873; khác nhau m&#7895;i n&#259;m theo nhu c&#7847;u s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t 200.000 xe và 300.000 Motoren. T&#7845;t c&#7843;<span style='color:black'> 33.000 công nhân viên, làm vi&#7879;c t&#7915; hành chánh, nghiên c&#7913;u và s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t. </span></span><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language: EN-US'>Kh&#7903;i &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; n&#259;m 1916 ch&#7871; t&#7841;o máy bay  Bayerischen Flugzeug Werk</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> Bavarian Airplane Factory/Bavarian Airplane Airplane Factory<span style='color:black'> . N&#259;m 1918 &#273;&#7893;i thành BMW AG, s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t </span>Automobiles, motorcycles, engines, components</span><span style='font-family:Tahoma; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Có nhi&#7873;u chi nhánh s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t trên 12 qu&#7889;c gia, cung c&#7845;p xe cho 140 n&#432;&#7899;c, có chi nhánh &#7903; Hà N&#7897;i. Toàn th&#7871; gi&#7899;i có 105,8 ngàn công nhân viên, riêng t&#7841;i &#272;&#7913;c có 80.020 ng&#432;&#7901;i. (n&#259;m 2009 ch&#7881; còn l&#7841;i 99.112 ng&#432;òi). T&#7893;ng k&#7871;t 2 quý &#273;&#7847;u n&#259;m 2009 s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t it h&#417;n ch&#7881; 127.547 chi&#7871;c, vì l&#432;</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>&#7907;ng xe bán ra th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng kém,</span><span lang=DE style='font-family: Tahoma'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma'>doanh thu gi&#7843;m 10,9%, ch&#7881; &#273;&#7841;t 13 t&#7927; euro cho &#273;&#7871;n cu&#7889;i n&#259;m BMW có th&#7875; l&#7895; &#273;&#7871;n 1 t&#7927; ¬ , nên có ch&#432;&#417;ng trình c&#7855;t gi&#7843;m, ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m t&#7899;i n&#259;m 2012 ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7841;t là 6 t&#7927; ¬ , hãng xe l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i Toyota, báo l&#7895; l&#7899;n sau khi doanh s&#7889; bán gi&#7843;m trong quí hai, c&#361;ng nh&#432; các hãng xe khác cùng m&#7897;t trình tr&#7841;ng l&#7895; v&#7889;n<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Hãng MAN (1758) &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 2009 k&#7927; ni&#7879;m 251 n&#259;m thành l&#7853;p, T&#7893;ng s&#7889; công-nhân-viên làm vi&#7879;c &#7903; &#272;&#7913;c 36.331 ng&#432;&#7901;i và các chi nhánh &#7903; n&#432;&#7899;c ngoài 21.872 ng&#432;&#7901;i, t&#7893;ng s&#7889; 50.468 ng&#432;&#7901;i, (n&#259;m 2009 c&#7855;t gi&#7843;m còn 49.472 ng&#432;&#7901;i) hàng n&#259;m &#273;ào t&#7841;o 800 các chuyên viên k&#7929;<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b>thu&#7853;t v&#7899;i 27 ngành ngh&#7873; khác nhau.N&#7917;a n&#259;m 2009 h&#7907;p &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#7863;c hàng tr&#7883; giá 4,6 t&#7927; ¬ it h&#417;n n&#259;m qua 49%!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>MAN s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t các lo&#7841;i xe </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Bus, Diesel, Turbo machine, industrial services<span style='color:black'>. München có nhi&#7873;u trung tâm nghiên c&#7913;u v&#7873; k&#7929; ngh&#7879; n&#7863;ng, &#273;i&#7879;n t&#7917;& nhi&#7873;u chi nhánh s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ngành &#273;i&#7879;n t&#7917; l&#7899;n các hãng: Siemens(1846), Infineon(1999), Epcos(1999). Nh&#7919;ng công ty ngành hoá ch&#7845;t danh ti&#7871;n nh&#432; Bayer, Hoechst, BASF  Badische Anilin &amp; soda Fabrik , Merck, Schering <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>L&#7883;ch s&#7917; n&#432;&#7899;c &#272;&#7913;c c&#361;ng l&#7855;m th&#259;ng tr&#7847;m, Th&#7871; k&#7927; th&#7913; 19 &#272;&#7913;c</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>mu&#7889;n thoát kh&#7887;i s&#7921; ki&#7873;m t&#7887;a c&#7911;a Anh-Pháp, &#273;òi h&#7887;i m&#7897;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, thu&#7897;c &#273;&#7883;a t&#432;&#417;ng x&#7913;ng v&#7899;i ti&#7873;m l&#7921;c c&#432;&#7901;ng qu&#7889;c th&#7871; gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a mình. M&#7903; r&#7897;ng vùng &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng v&#7873; phía &#272;ông t&#7841;i Ba Lan, Ukraina, Baltic, sau &#273;ó là ph&#7847;n</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Lan trong &#273;&#7879; nh&#7845;t th&#7871; chi&#7871;n (1914-1918</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'>). </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Hitler c&#7847;m &#273;&#7847;u, &#273;iên cu&#7891;ng gây nên &#273;&#7879; nh&#7883; th&#7871; chi&#7871;n (1939-1945), và gi&#7871;t 6 tri&#7879;u ng&#432;&#7901;i Do Thái, là n</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: Tahoma'>&#7895;i kinh hoàng c&#7911;a nhân lo&#7841;i và ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n s&#7869; còn t&#7891;n t&#7841;i khi nào mà con ng&#432;&#7901;i còn s&#7889;ng trên qu&#7843; &#273;&#7845;t.<span style='color:black'> và &#272;</span>&#7913;c<span style='color:black'> b&#7883; thua tr&#7853;n, bom &#273;&#7841;n tàn phá quê h&#432;&#417;ng chia &#273;ôi 2 mi&#7873;n &#272;ông và Tây. Nh&#432;ng Tây &#272;&#7913;c &#273;ã ph&#7909;c h&#7891;i kinh t&#7871; tr&#7903; thành c&#432;&#7901;ng qu&#7889;c giàu có nh&#7845;t Âu châu. T&#7915; ngày 3.10.1990<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>, </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>&#272;&#7913;c th&#7889;ng nh&#7845;t, d&#7865;p b&#7887; b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7901;ng ng&#259;n cách. H&#417;n 40 n&#259;m d&#432;&#7899;i ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n,<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: normal'> </b>&#272;ông &#272;&#7913;c &#273;ã làm cho xã h&#7897;i suy s&#7909;p, &#273;&#7875; có quân bình &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng sau khi th&#7889;ng nh&#7845;t, chính ph&#7911; b&#7887; ti&#7873;n tái thi&#7871;t xây d&#7921;ng l&#7841;i quê h&#432;&#417;ng m&#7899;i cho phiá &#272;ông (DDR), ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; s&#7889; n&#7907; còn l&#7841;i th&#7901;i CS, c&#361;ng nh&#432; kinh phí tr&#7843; cho h&#417;n 300 ngàn quân &#273;&#7897;i Nga rút v&#7873; n&#432;&#7899;c...<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Các hãng x&#432;&#7903;ng máy móc d&#432;&#7899;i th&#7901;i &#272;ông &#272;&#7913;c không th&#7875; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#7841;nh tranh v&#7899;i th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#7921; do, ph&#7843;i &#273;óng c&#7917;a hàng lo&#7841;t, t&#7841;o nên làn sóng th&#7845;t nghi&#7879;p. Làm cán cân 2 mi&#7873;n &#272;ông Tây chênh l&#7879;ch thêm. Ng&#432;&#7901;i bên phiá &#272;ông b&#7887; nhà c&#7917;a, làng m&#7841;c ch&#7841;y sang Tây tìm vi&#7879;c làm. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7887; v&#7889;n &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; xây nhà bên &#272;ông &#272;&#7913;c b&#7883; thua l&#7895;. Ti&#7871;p theo các n&#432;&#7899;c &#272;ông Âu c&#361;ng nh&#432; Liên Sô b&#7887; ch&#7911; nghiã CS, ch&#7845;m d&#7913;t chi&#7871;n tranh l&#7841;nh. Các n&#432;&#7899;c &#272;ông Âu th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t giá r&#7867; nh&#432; bên Tàu, Mã lai... Vì nhu c&#7847;u<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: normal'>, </b>các công ty c&#7911;a &#272;&#7913;c &#273;ã d&#7901;i &#273;&#7871;n n&#417;i nào s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t có giá r&#7867;, &#273;&#7875; c&#7841;nh tranh v&#7899;i th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, giá r&#7867; h&#417;n s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t t&#7915; b&#7843;n x&#7913;  Made in Germany  . Lý do tr&#7843; ti&#7873;n l&#432;&#417;ng công-nhân-viên t&#7841;i &#272;&#7913;c quá cao và làm vi&#7879;c 35 gi&#7901; m&#7897;t tu&#7847;n, ngh&#7881; phép th&#432;&#7901;ng niên 30 ngày, (n&#7871;u b&#7883; b&#7879;nh 6 tu&#7847;n l&#7877; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#7843; l&#432;&#417;ng) có thêm l&#432;&#417;ng tháng 13. Nghi&#7879;p &#273;oàn lao &#273;&#7897;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;òi t&#259;ng l&#432;&#417;ng hàng n&#259;m. Trong khi &#273;ó, các n&#432;&#7899;c Á châu nh&#432;: &#272;&#7841;i Hàn, Trung Qu&#7889;c... làm vi&#7879;c trên 50 ti&#7871;ng m&#7897;t tu&#7847;n v&#7899;i ti&#7873;n l&#432;&#417;ng r&#7867; m&#7841;c. Vì v&#7853;y các hãng x&#432;&#7903;ng d&#7901;i ra n&#432;&#7899;c ngoài, sa th&#7843;i ng&#432;&#7901;i. Hi</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>&#7879;n nay ng&#432;&#7901;i &#272;&#7913;c có<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>khuynh h&#432;&#7899;ng không<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>nh&#7853;p hàng  Made in China vì ph&#7849;m ch&#7845;t kém mau h&#432;, t&#7889;n ti&#7875;n s&#7917;a, có ch&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;c h&#7841;i s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e& .<span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Các ngành may m&#7863;c, giày dép...c&#7911;a &#272;&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chuy&#7875;n sang s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t t&#7841;i Vi&#7879;t Nam, mang tr&#7903; v&#7873; &#272;&#7913;c tiêu th&#7909;. Riêng xe Mecerdes lo&#7841;i xe 14 ch&#7893;, s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ngay t&#7841;i Sai Gòn &#273;&#7875; &#273;áp &#7913;ng th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng n&#7897;i &#273;&#7883;a v&#7899;i giá r&#7867;, nh&#432;ng ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n v&#7873; ph&#7849;m ch&#7845;t không th&#7875; so sánh v&#7899;i hàng g&#7889;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t t&#7915; &#272;&#7913;c. (&#7903; &#272;&#7913;c các &#273;&#7901;i xe s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t, dù bán ra th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7843; n&#259;m, nh&#432;ng n&#7871;u phát hi&#7879;n l&#7895;i k&#7929; thu&#7853;t, &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thu h&#7891;i &#273;&#432;a cho khách hàng xe m&#7899;i) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=KeinLeerraum style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Các ngành k&#7929; ngh&#7879; n&#7863;ng c&#7911;a &#272;&#7913;c phát tri&#7875;n hàng &#273;&#7847;u, t&#7841;o nên n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; v&#7919;ng m&#7841;nh, nh&#432;ng càng ngày &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng vàng son &#7903; &#272;&#7913;c tr&#7903; nên &#273;en t&#7889;i vì n&#7841;n th&#7845;t nghi&#7879;p &#273;ang &#273;e d&#7885;a vì kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng kinh t&#7871;. &#272;&#7913;c c&#361;ng nh&#432; các n&#432;&#7899;c Âu Châu, Hoa K&#7923;, m&#7897;t th&#7901;i th&#7883;nh v&#432;&#7907;ng giàu có v&#7873; kinh t&#7871;, nh&#432;ng b&#7883; &#7843;nh hu&#7903;ng n&#7863;ng n&#7873; c&#7911;a cu&#7897;c suy thoái kinh t&#7871; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i t&#7915; n&#259;m 2008. Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7913;ng khoán r&#417;i nh&#432; lá mùa thu, tình hi&#768;nh kinh tê&#769; ta&#768;i chi&#769;nh th&#7871; gi&#7899;i ca&#769;c n&#417;i vâ&#771;n mong manh, ti&#7871;n trình t&#7921; do dân ch&#7911;, t&#7841;i các qu&#7889;c gia &#273;&#7897;c tài c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n c&#361;ng b&#7883; ch&#7853;m l&#7841;i. Mong Kinh t</span><span lang=DE style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>&#7871; <span style='color:black'>th</span>&#7871; gi&#7899;i s&#7899;m ph&#7909;c h&#7891;i &#273;&#7875; chúng ta có cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng an bình, th&#7883;nh v&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#7875; nhìn th&#7871; h&#7879; k&#7871; ti&#7871;p v&#432;&#417;n lên, phát tri&#7875;n và &#273;óng góp cho khoa h&#7885;c, kinh t&#7871; ti&#7871;n b&#7897; h&#417;n trong hòa bình tràn &#273;&#7847;y yêu th&#432;&#417;ng. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=KeinLeerraum style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=KeinLeerraum style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><u><span lang=DE style='font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Trông ng&#432;&#7901;i mà ngh&#7881; &#273;&#7871;n quê h&#432;&#417;ng<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></p> <p class=KeinLeerraum style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><u><span lang=DE style='font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1038" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0; text-align:left;margin-left:0;margin-top:49.5pt;width:227.4pt;height:154.15pt; z-index:7;mso-position-horizontal:left'> <v:imagedata src="./madeingermany_files/image017.jpg" o:title="nguyentruongto2"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=304 height=206 src="./madeingermany_files/image018.jpg" align=left hspace=12 v:shapes="_x0000_s1038"><![endif]><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Các n&#432;&#7899;c&nbsp;Tây ph&#432;&#417;ng nh&#7901; có các&nbsp;&#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c khoa h&#7885;c K&#7929; thu&#7853;t nên&nbsp;&#273;ã có s&#7921; phát tri&#7875;n v&#7873; k&#7929; ngh&#7879; n&#7863;ng, &#273;ào t&#7841;o nhi&#7873;u nhân tài cho th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. Trong khi &#7903; Vi&#7879;t Nam n&#259;m 1076 vua Lý Nhân Tông cho m&#7903; tr&#432;&#7901;ng Qu&#7889;c T&#7917; Giám, ti&#7871;n s&#7929; Chu V&#259;n An (? -</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language: IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>1370) là&nbsp;&quot;Khoa tr&#432;&#7903;ng hay Hi&#7879;u tr&#432;&#7903;ng&nbsp;&#273;&#7847;u tiên&nbsp;&quot; tr&#432;&#7901;ng n&#7847;y dành cho con các quan l&#7899;n! T&#7915; n&#259;m 1434 tr&#7903; &#273;i bi&#7879;n pháp m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c áp d&#7909;ng trong toàn qu&#7889;c, nh&#7919;ng ai &#273;&#7895; cao nh&#7845;t trong các k&#7923; thi H&#432;&#417;ng (c&#7917; nhân) nh&#7853;n vào h&#7885;c ti&#7871;p, nh&#432;ng ch&#7881; h&#7885;c theo l&#7889;i t&#7915; ch&#432;&#417;ng thi phú, ch&#432;&#417;ng trình áp d&#7909;ng cho t&#7899;i tri&#7873;u &#273;&#7841;i nhà Nguy&#7877;n. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>N&#7895;i bu&#7891;n làm dân nô l</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'>&#7879; </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>g&#7847;n 100 n&#259;m&nbsp;gi&#7863;c Pháp&nbsp;&#273;ô h&#7897;, Pháp&nbsp;không mu&#7889;n khai phá dân t&#7897;c Vi&#7879;t Nam,&nbsp;ch&#432;&#417;ng trình giáo d&#7909;c b&#7883; gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n, b&#7903;i vì còn ch&#7853;m ti&#7871;n thì d&#7877; cai tr&#7883;. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>( <i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'>hình l&#7899;p h&#7885;c th&#7901;i x&#432;a</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Nguy&#7877;n Tr&#432;&#7901;ng T&#7897; (1828-</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>1871) dâng lên Tri&#7873;u &#273;ình nh&#7919;ng b&#7843;n &#272;i&#7873;u tr&#7847;n &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t canh tân xây d&#7921;ng &#273;&#7845;t n&#432;&#7899;c giàu m&#7841;nh, mu&#7889;n c&#7843;i cách ch&#432;&#417;ng giáo d&#7909;c ch&#7911; tr&#432;&#417;ng coi tr&#7885;ng dân, s&#7917;a &#273;&#7893;i ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; thi c&#7917; m&#7903; mang vi&#7879;c h&#7885;c hành, thay &#273;&#7893;i n&#7897;i dung giáo d&#7909;c, l&#7845;y Qu&#7889;c ng&#7919; thay th&#7871; ch&#7919; Hán, &#273;&#7875; có th&#7875; theo k&#7883;p v&#259;n minh Tây ph&#432;&#417;ng. T&#7915; n&#259;m 1909 qu&#7889;c ng&#7919; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#432;a vào ch&#432;&#417;ng trình thi H&#432;&#417;ng, cho &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 1924 Pháp &#273;&#432;a qu&#7889;c ng&#7919; vào ch&#432;&#417;ng trình ti&#7875;u h&#7885;c: Qu&#7889;c ng&#7919; chính th&#7913;c công nh&#7853;n là ch&#7919; vi&#7871;t c&#7911;a dân t&#7897;c Vi&#7879;t Nam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Các phong trào Duy Tân, &#272;ông Du n&#259;m (1906-1908?). Tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#272;ông Kinh Nghiã Th&#7909;c Hà N&#7897;i (1907-1908) m&#7903; &#273;&#7875; ph&#7909;c v&#7909; cho phong trào th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&#7843;i cách xã h&#7897;i và tranh &#273;&#7845;u v&#7899;i Pháp, &#273;òi h&#7887;i m&#7903; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c t&#7841;i Vi&#7879;t Nam! <span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>&#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c &#272;ông D&#432;&#417;ng/</span> <i>Université Indochinoise</i>) là m&#7897;t c&#417; s&#7903; giáo d&#7909;c b&#7853;c &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c &#7903; liên bang &#272;ông D&#432;&#417;ng do chính quy&#7873;n &#273;ô h&#7897; Pháp thành l&#7853;p vào n&#259;m 1906. Nh&#432;ng ph&#7843;i ch&#7901; m&#432;&#7901;i n&#259;m sau, ngày 21 tháng 12 n&#259;m 1917. Toàn quy&#7873;n &#272;ông D&#432;&#417;ng lúc &#7845;y là Albert Sarraut ra m&#7897;t quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh thành l&#7853;p &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c &#272;ông D&#432;&#417;ng 1918. (Tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;ó ch&#7881; có tr&#432;&#7901;ng chuyên nghi&#7879;p Y Khoa, D&#432;&#7907;c Khoa tr&#432;&#7901;ng Công Chánh 1902).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>N&#259;m 1919 các k&#7923; thi Nho h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7843;i b&#7887; toàn qu&#7889;c, ch&#7845;m d&#7913;t Nho h&#7885;c, không còn &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng v&#259;n hóa Trung Hoa. Ch&#432;&#417;ng trình giáo d&#7909;c thay &#273;&#7893;i d&#432;&#7899;i th&#7901;i toàn quy&#7875;n Varenne ban hành quy &#273;&#7883;nh b&#7857;ng tú tài b&#7843;n x&#7913; (baccalauréat local). K&#7923; thi &#273;&#7847;u tiên tú tài ph&#7847;n 1 n&#259;m 1928, và ph&#7847;n 2 n&#259;m 1929. Giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;ó toàn qu&#7889;c ch&#7881; có 2 tr&#432;&#7901;ng trung h&#7885;c có ban tú tài b&#7843;n x&#7913; là Perus Ký (Sài Gòn) và tr&#432;&#7901;ng B&#7843;o H&#7897; &#7903; Hà N&#7897;i (tr&#432;&#7901;ng B&#432;&#7903;i). &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Hà N&#7897;i (1918). Hu&#7871; là Kinh &#273;ô nh&#432;ng t</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:IT'>r&#432;&#7899;c n&#259;m 1936 tr&#432;&#7901;ng Qu&#7889;c H&#7885;c Hu&#7871; ch&#7881; d&#7841;y h&#7871;t b&#7853;c cao ti&#7875;u h&#7885;c (trung h&#7885;c &#273;&#7879; nh&#7845;t c&#7845;p) b&#7857;ng cao ti&#7875;u còn g&#7885;i là b&#7857;ng thành chung (Diplôme d Etudes Primaires Supérieures). T&#7915; n&#259;m 1936-1937 tr&#432;&#7901;ng Qu&#7889;c h&#7885;c &#273;&#7893;i thành Kh&#7843;i &#272;&#7883;nh b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u m&#7903; ban tú tài</span><span lang=IT style='font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:IT'>. </span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:IT'>&#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c Sài Gòn có tr&#432;&#7899;c 1930, (m&#7863;c dù Sài gòn là Hòn ng&#7885;c vi&#7877;n &#273;ông  La perle de l Extrême Orient &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng v&#259;n hóa Pháp tr&#432;&#7899;c tiên, tr&#432;&#7901;ng Tabert sáng l&#7853;p &#273;&#7847;u tiên 1874)<a style='mso-endnote-id:edn6' href="#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]>[6]<![endif]></span></span></a>, các tr&#432;&#7901;ng trung h&#7885;c hay chuyên nghi&#7879;p cao &#273;&#7859;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7903; thêm, nh&#432;ng ch&#432;a &#273;áp &#7913;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhu c&#7847;u. Cho &#273;&#7871;n ngày b&#7883; chia &#273;ôi &#273;&#7845;t n&#432;&#7899;c 20.7.1954. Quân &#273;&#7897;i Pháp tri&#7879;t thoái kh&#7887;i Vi&#7879;t Nam tháng 9 n&#259;m 1956. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:IT'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:IT'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">         </span>Chính ph&#7911; VNCH ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c m&#7903; các tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c công l&#7853;p, c&#361;ng nh&#432; &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c t&#432; th&#7909;c t&#7841;i mi&#7873;n Nam ra &#273;&#7901;i &#273;áp &#7913;ng cho s&#7921; phát tri&#7875;n xây d&#7921;ng &#273;&#7845;t n&#432;&#7899;c. Nh&#432;ng ti&#7871;c thay cu&#7897;c chi&#7871;n h&#417;n hai n&#259;m &#273;iêu linh, khói l&#7917;a ngành giáo d&#7909;c 2 mi&#7873;n Nam-B&#7855;c b&#7883; trì tr&#7879;, chênh l&#7879;ch. (Ch&#432;&#417;ng trình giáo d&#7909;c ngoài B&#7855;c trung h&#7885;c ch&#7881; h&#7885;c &#273;&#7871;n l&#7899;p 10 sau &#273;ó vào &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c, ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i trong mi&#7873;n Nam theo ch&#432;&#417;ng trình Pháp ph&#7843;i h&#7885;c &#273;&#7871;n l&#7899;p 12, tr&#7843;i qua 2 k&#7923; thi tú tài </span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:IT'>khó kh&#259;n</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language: IT'> )</span><span lang=IT style='font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:IT'>.</span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language: IT'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Th&#7889;ng nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7845;t n&#432;&#7899;c ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n ch&#7911; tr&#432;&#417;ng giáo d&#7909;c n&#7863;ng ph&#7847;n  <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>h&#7891;ng h&#417;n chuyên</i> làm suy gi&#7843;m ti&#7873;m n&#259;ng c&#7911;a th&#7871; h&#7879; tr&#7867; khó phát tri&#7875;n. Sinh viên ph&#7843;i t&#7921; do h&#7885;c và nghiên c&#7913;u &#273;&#7897;c l&#7853;p nh&#432; các n&#432;&#7899;c v&#259;n minh Tây ph&#432;&#417;ng<a style='mso-endnote-id:edn7' href="#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><span style='mso-special-character: footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]>[7]<![endif]></span></span></a> ph&#7843;i phát tri&#7875;n toàn di&#7879;n, tránh tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p h&#7885;c nh&#432; v&#7865;t, sao chép lu&#7853;n án. &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c mênh mông không b&#7901; b&#7871;n nghiên c&#7913;u là con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng dài vô t&#7853;n, h&#7885;c &#273;&#7875; khám phá vi&#7879;c ch&#432;a bi&#7871;t và không bi&#7871;t.. Gi&#7899;i tr&#7867; Vi&#7879;t Nam trong n&#432;&#7899;c c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i th&#7855;p sáng ng&#7885;n &#273;u&#7889;c, m&#7903; &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng cho vi&#7879;c nghiên c&#7913;u phát tri&#7875;n</span><span lang=IT style='font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:IT'>khoa h&#7885;c, k&#7929; thu</span><span lang=IT style='font-family:Tahoma; mso-ansi-language:IT'>&#7853;t, </span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:IT'>kinh t&#7871;, th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i cho dân t&#7897;c Vi&#7879;t Nam ti&#7871;n lên v&#7899;i</span><span lang=IT style='font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:IT'>v&#259;n minh c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:IT'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=IT style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:IT'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Ng&#432;&#7901;i Vi&#7879;t Nam thông minh nh&#432;ng không có c&#417; h&#7897;i ph&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7879;n &#273;&#7875; phát tri&#7875;n tài n&#259;ng, &#273;i&#7873;u n&#7847;y &#273;ã ch&#7913;ng minh th&#7871; h&#7879; th&#7913; 2 &#273;ang s&#7889;ng &#7903; n&#432;&#7899;c ngoài r&#7845;t thành công, trên m&#7885;i ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n&nbsp;&#273;óng góp vào nh&#7919;ng ch&#432;&#417;ng trình không gian nh&#432; NASA... r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u sinh viên Vi&#7879;t Nam h&#7885;c gi&#7887;i n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng &#7903; các tr&#432;&#7901;ng&nbsp; &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t, Kinh t&#7871;, Th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i& </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>&#272;em l&#7841;i vinh d&#7921; chung cho dân t&#7897;c Vi&#7879;t Nam <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>(Nh&#7919;ng nhà Bác h&#7885;c &#272;&#7913;c v&#7899;i </span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>nh&#7919;ng</span><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> phát minh th&#7901;i gian khác nhau, nh&#432;ng tôi s&#7855;p x&#7871;p theo n&#259;m sinh b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u l&#7899;n tu&#7893;i nh&#7845;t t&#7915; 1390... tr&#7867; 1912& . ngo&#7841;i tr&#7915; ph&#7847;n các tác gi&#7843; v&#7873; v&#259;n ch&#432;&#417;ng h&#7897;i ho&#7841;)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><u><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Tài li&#7879;u tham kh&#7843;o<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>N&#432;&#7899;c &#272;&#7913;c th&#7871; k&#7927; th&#7913; XIX c&#7911;a ti&#7871;n S&#297;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Nguy&#7877;n Xuân Xanh<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Lexikon Der Geschichte (Faktum) &amp; Wikipedia<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=DE style='mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Nh&#7919;ng hình trên ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; Internet<o:p></o:p></span></p> </p> </p> </div> <div style='mso-element:endnote-list'><![if !supportEndnotes]><br clear=all> <hr align=left size=1 width="33%"> <![endif]> <div style='mso-element:endnote' id=edn1> <p style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><a style='mso-endnote-id:edn1' href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=DE><span style='mso-special-character: footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]>[1]<![endif]></span></span></b></span></a><span lang=DE> </span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>L&#7847;n th&#7913; nh&#7845;t do nhà thiên v&#259;n h&#7885;c Ba Lan Copernic (1473- </span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IT style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:IT'> </span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>1543), m&#7903; &#273;&#7847;u b&#7857;ng m&#7897;t k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n khoa h&#7885;c bác b&#7887; quan &#273;i&#7875;m &quot;</span></i><em><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;font-style:normal'>Trái &#273;&#7845;t là trung tâm V&#361; tr&#7909;</span></em><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>!&quot;. K&#7871;t lu&#7853;n &#7845;y &#273;ã xé tan b&#7913;c màn &#273;en c&#7911;a &#273;êm dài Trung c&#7893;, &#273;&#432;a loài ng&#432;&#7901;i sang th&#7901;i k&#7923; Ph&#7909;c h&#432;ng. &#272;ó chính là cu&#7897;c cách m&#7841;ng khoa h&#7885;c l&#7847;n th&#7913; nh&#7845;t v&#7899;i s&#7921; hình thành và phát tri&#7875;n v&#7853;t lý - thiên v&#259;n c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n do công lao sáng t&#7841;o c&#7911;a nhi&#7873;u th&#7871; h&#7879; các nhà khoa h&#7885;c, mà tiêu bi&#7875;u là Kepler (Ba Lan), Galilée (Ý) và Newton (Anh).</span></i><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style='mso-element:endnote' id=edn2> <p class=MsoEndnoteText style='text-indent:35.4pt'><a style='mso-endnote-id: edn2' href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]>[2]<![endif]></span></span></b></span></a><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'> <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Chuy&#7873;n bay B29 tên  Enola Gay mang trái bom là Little Boy 4 t&#7845;n uranium và 15T&#7845;n TNT <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> </div> <div style='mso-element:endnote' id=edn3> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><a style='mso-endnote-id:edn3' href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]>[3]<![endif]></span></span></b></span></a><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> </span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>Gi&#7843;i Nobel c&#7911;a Alferd Nobel là h&#7853;u du&#7879; c&#7911;a nhà khoa h&#7885;c th&#7871; k&#7927; 17 sinh n&#259;m 1833 &#7903; Stockholm Th&#7909;y &#272;i&#7875;n/ Schweden, m&#7845;t n&#259;m 1891 &#7903; San Remo Ý. Ông sinh ra trong m&#7897;t gia &#273;ình Khoa h&#7885;c, thân ph&#7909; ông ch&#7871; ra<b> </b><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Hüttenwerk</span>/ Steelworks ch&#7845;t g&#7895; dán. A. Nobel ch&#7871; ra ch&#7845;t n&#7893;  Dynamite và ch&#7845;t  ballistite ch&#7871; thu&#7889;c súng không khói &#273;&#7847;u tiên. Trong vi&#7879;c nhiên c&#7913;u thí nghi&#7879;m &#273;&#7875; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ra nhi&#7873;u lo&#7841;i thu&#7889;c n&#7893;, &#273;au bu&#7889;n v&#7873; v&#7909; n&#7893; l&#7899;n n&#259;m 1864 &#273;ã gi&#7871;t ch&#7871;t em c&#7911;a Alfred Emil cùng nhi&#7873;u công nhân. Ch&#7871; ch&#7845;t n&#7893; &#273;&#7875; ph&#7909;c v&#7909; cho K&#7929; ngh&#7879; khai thác h&#7847;m m&#7887;& nh&#432;ng c&#361;ng là phát minh ra cách th&#7913;c gi&#7871;t con ng&#432;&#7901;i nhanh chóng h&#417;n bao gi&#7901; h&#7871;t. Nobel c&#7843;m th&#7845;y b&#259;n kho&#259;n khi phát minh c&#7911;a mình dùng cho chi&#7871;n tranh gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i! ông c&#7843;m th&#7845;y c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i làm cái gì &#273;ó &#273;&#7875; chu&#7897;c l&#7895;i và khuy&#7871;n khích cho vi&#7879;c h&#7919;u ích cho nhân lo&#7841;i. Ông s&#7889;ng &#273;&#7897;c thân nên<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>&#273;ã ký chúc th&#432; cu&#7889;i cùng c&#7911;a mình và &#273;&#7875; ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n s&#7889; tài s&#7843;n thành l&#7853;p gi&#7843;i Nobe hàng n&#259;m là 31,2 tri&#7879;u Kronen. N&#259;m 1895 Vi&#7879;n Hàn lâm Thu&#7925; &#272;i&#7875;n (Caroline /Karolinska Institutet) thành l&#7853;p gi&#7843;i th&#432;&#7903;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng niên cho ng&#432;&#7901;i nào phát minh h&#7919;u ích giúp &#273;&#7901;i cho các ngành v&#7873;: V&#7853;t lý, Hoá h&#7885;c, V&#259;n h&#7885;c, Y khoa và Hoà bình.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>N&#259;m 1969 có thêm gi&#7843;i kinh t&#7871; (Wirtschaftswissenschaften/ Economics) Vì cháu trai c&#7911;a ông, Peter &#273;ã yêu c&#7847;u Ngân hàng Thu&#7925; &#272;i&#7875;n phân bi&#7879;t gi&#7843;i th&#432;&#7903;ng giành cho các nhà kinh t&#7871; h&#7885;c c&#7911;a h&#7885; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c trao &quot;&#273;&#7875; t&#432;&#7903;ng nh&#7899; Alfred Nobel&quot; v&#7899;i n&#259;m gi&#7843;i th&#432;&#7903;ng kia. ( <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: normal'>trong bài n&#7847;y chúng tôi không bình lu&#7853;n v&#7873; các gi&#7843;i Nobel v&#7873; v&#259;n ch&#432;&#417;ng.. Ch&#7881; chú tr&#7885;ng v&#7873; ph&#7847;n phát minh v&#7873; khoa h&#7885;c c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i &#272;&#7913;c &#273;ã &#273;óng góp cho nhân lo&#7841;i</b>.) <o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class=MsoEndnoteText><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style='mso-element:endnote' id=edn4> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><a style='mso-endnote-id:edn4' href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]>[4]<![endif]></span></span></b></span></a><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> </span></b><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Trung Qu&#7889;c </span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng phát minh nh&#432; &#273;&#7883;a bàn, thu&#7889;c súng, k&#7929; thu&#7853;t làm gi&#7845;y và k&#7929; thu&#7853;t in &#7845;n nh&#432;ng b&#7843;n tính gi&#7845;u ngh&#7873;. N<span style='color:black'>h&#432;ng có bi&#7879;t tài chuyên &#259;n c&#7855;p phát minh c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i khác &#273;&#7875; ch&#7871; t&#7841;o l&#7841;i. Th&#7901;i &#272;&#7863;ng Ti&#7875;u Bình/</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Deng Xiaoping </span></span></i><span class=lang><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma'>&#37159;&#23567;&#24179;</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Tahoma'>&nbsp;</span></i><span class=lang><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"'>(1904-</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IT style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language: IT'> </span></i><span class=lang><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"'>1997)</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'> làm cu&#7897;c cách m&#7841;ng  </span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>T&#7913; Hi&#7879;n &#272;&#7841;i Hóa c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c <span style='color:black'> cho h&#417;n 700 ngàn sinh viên du h&#7885;c và &#273;i&#7879;p viên &#273;&#7871;n các n&#432;&#7899;c Tây ph&#432;&#417;ng, h&#7885;c khoa h&#7885;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t tân ti&#7871;n hay &#259;n c&#7855;p tài li&#7879;u nh&#432; v&#7909; &#273;i&#7879;p viên Greg Chung &#259;n c&#7855;p</span> g&#7917;i 24 cu&#7889;n c&#7849;m nang liên h&#7879; t&#7899;i phi c&#417; chi&#7871;n &#273;&#7845;u B-1 Bomber.. R&#7891;i h&#7891; s&#417; v&#7873; chi&#7871;c &#273;&#7845;u c&#417; t&#7915; F-15; B-52 cho t&#7899;i tr&#7921;c th&#259;ng Chinook &#273;&#7873;u g&#7917;i v&#7873; B&#7855;c Kinh<span style='color: black'>, ngày nay Tàu c&#7897;ng &#273;ang phát tri&#7875;n (nhà n&#432;</span>&#7899;c giàu nh&#7901; ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; c&#7897;ng s&#7843;n &#273;&#7897;c tài, nh&#432;ng &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i dân còn khá nghèo) H&#7885; <span style='color:black'>th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n m&#7897;ng bá quy&#7873;n xâm l&#259;ng vùng bi&#7875;n c&#7911;a các n&#432;&#7899;c &#7903; Á Châu trong &#273;ó có Vi&#7879;t Nam.</span></span></i><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:VI'> </span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=VI style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-ansi-language:VI'>Liên t&#7909;c trong nhi&#7873;u tháng, tàu Trung c&#7897;ng xâm nh&#7853;p vùng bi&#7875;n c&#7911;a Vi&#7879;t Nam và b&#7855;t cóc &#273;ánh &#273;&#7853;p, c&#432;&#7899;p tài s&#7843;n trên ghe c&#7911;a ng&#432; dân &#273;ang &#273;ánh b&#7855;t cá trong lãnh h&#7843;i Vi&#7879;t Nam và &#273;òi ti&#7873;n chu&#7897;c. H&#7885; là nh&#7919;ng con b&#7885; hung, hung h&#259;ng c&#7911;a b&#7885;n c&#432;&#7899;p bi&#7875;n& nh&#432;ng ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; Hà N&#7897;i không có hành &#273;&#7897;ng nào m&#7841;nh c&#7909; th&#7875;, &#273;&#7875; b&#7843;o v&#7879; cho ng&#432; dân Vi&#7879;t Nam và ch&#7911; quy&#7873;n trên bi&#7875;n &#272;ông c&#7911;a Vi&#7879;t Nam?  ph&#7843;i ch&#259;ng h&#7885; s&#7907; môi h&#7903; r&#259;ng l&#7841;nh <o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class=MsoEndnoteText><span lang=VI style='font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language: VI'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style='mso-element:endnote' id=edn5> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><a style='mso-endnote-id:edn5' href="#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]>[5]<![endif]></span></span></b></span></a><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> </span><u><span lang=VI style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;mso-ansi-language:VI'>Trang tìm các &#272;&#7841;i h&#7885;c t&#7841;i &#272;</span></u><u><span lang=VI style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:VI'>&#7913;c<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><u><span lang=VI style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; mso-ansi-language:VI'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=VI style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:VI'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'><a href="http://www.ger-net.de/kuehn/fk_uni.htm"><span lang=VI style='mso-ansi-language:VI'>http://www.ger-net.de/kuehn/fk_uni.htm</span></a></span><span lang=VI style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;mso-ansi-language:VI'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=VI style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:VI'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span lang=VI style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black; mso-ansi-language:VI'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black'><a href="http://www.ger-net.de/kuehn/fk_fh.htm"><span lang=VI style='mso-ansi-language:VI'>http://www.ger-net.de/kuehn/fk_fh.htm</span></a></span><span lang=VI style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; color:black;mso-ansi-language:VI'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoEndnoteText><span lang=VI style='mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:VI'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style='mso-element:endnote' id=edn6> <p class=MsoEndnoteText><a style='mso-endnote-id:edn6' href="#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]>[6]<![endif]></span></span></span></a><span lang=VI style='font-family:Tahoma;mso-ansi-language:VI'> Sài Gòn N&#259;m x&#432;a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>trang 156<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>c&#7911;a V&#432;&#417;ng H&#7891;ng S&#7875;n</span><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoEndnoteText><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style='mso-element:endnote' id=edn7> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><a style='mso-endnote-id:edn7' href="#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]>[7]<![endif]></span></span></span></a><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span><u>Nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c lâu &#273;&#7901;i trên th&#7871; gi&#7899;i</u></span><u><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>:</span></u><span lang=DE style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=DE style='font-size: 10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=DE style='font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>1088 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Bologna" title="Universität Bologna"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Bologna</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna" title=Bologna><span style='color:windowtext'>Bologna</span></a> um 1170 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Oxford</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title=Oxford><span style='color:windowtext'>Oxford</span></a> 1175 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Modena_und_Reggio_Emilia" title="Universität Modena und Reggio Emilia"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Modena</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modena" title=Modena><span style='color:windowtext'>Modena</span></a> um 1200 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne" title=Sorbonne><span style='color:windowtext'>Sorbonne</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title=Paris><span style='color:windowtext'>Paris</span></a> um 1209 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Cambridge</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title=Cambridge><span style='color:windowtext'>Cambridge</span></a> 1218 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Salamanca" title="Universität Salamanca"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Salamanca</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca" title=Salamanca><span style='color:windowtext'>Salamanca</span></a> 1222 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Padua" title="Universität Padua"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Padua</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua" title=Padua><span style='color:windowtext'>Padua</span></a> 1224 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Neapel_Federico_II" title="Universität Neapel Federico II"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Federico II</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapel" title=Neapel><span style='color:windowtext'>Neapel</span></a> 1229 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Toulouse" title="Universität Toulouse"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Toulouse</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse" title=Toulouse><span style='color:windowtext'>Toulouse</span></a> 1240 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Siena" title="Universität Siena"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Siena</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena" title=Siena><span style='color:windowtext'>Siena</span></a> 1254 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Sevilla" title="Universität Sevilla"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Sevilla</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla" title=Sevilla><span style='color:windowtext'>Sevilla</span></a> 1276 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Perugia" title="Universität Perugia"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Perugia</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perugia" title=Perugia><span style='color:windowtext'>Perugia</span></a> 1289 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Montpellier" title="Universität Montpellier"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Montpellier</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier" title=Montpellier><span style='color:windowtext'>Montpellier</span></a> 1290 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Coimbra" title="Universität Coimbra"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Coimbra</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra" title=Coimbra><span style='color:windowtext'>Coimbra</span></a> 1290 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Lissabon" title="Universität Lissabon"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Lissabon</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissabon" title=Lissabon><span style='color:windowtext'>Lissabon</span></a> 1297 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Lleida" title="Universität Lleida"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Lleida</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleida" title=Lleida><span style='color:windowtext'>Lleida</span></a> 1303 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_La_Sapienza" title="Universität La Sapienza"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität La Sapienza</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title=Rom><span style='color:windowtext'>Rom</span></a> 1321 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Florenz" title="Universität Florenz"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Florenz</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenz" title=Florenz><span style='color:windowtext'>Florenz</span></a> 1336 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universit%C3%A4t_Camerino&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Universität Camerino (Seite nicht vorhanden)"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Camerino</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerino" title=Camerino><span style='color:windowtext'>Camerino</span></a> 1339 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Grenoble" title="Universität Grenoble"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Grenoble</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble" title=Grenoble><span style='color:windowtext'>Grenoble</span></a> 1343 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Pisa" title="Universität Pisa"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Pisa</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa" title=Pisa><span style='color:windowtext'>Pisa</span></a> 1346 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Valladolid" title="Universität Valladolid"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Valladolid</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid" title=Valladolid><span style='color:windowtext'>Valladolid</span></a> 1348 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karls-Universit%C3%A4t_Prag" title="Karls-Universität Prag"><span style='color:windowtext'>Karls-Universität</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prag" title=Prag><span style='color:windowtext'>Prag</span></a> 1361 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Pavia" title="Universität Pavia"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Pavia</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title=Pavia><span style='color:windowtext'>Pavia</span></a> 1364 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonen-Universit%C3%A4t" title=Jagiellonen-Universität><span style='color:windowtext'>Jagiellonen-Universität</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakau" title=Krakau><span style='color:windowtext'>Krakau</span></a> 1365 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Wien" title="Universität Wien"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Wien</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien" title=Wien><span style='color:windowtext'>Wien</span></a> 1367 <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_P%C3%A9cs" title="Universität Pécs"><span style='color:windowtext'>Universität Fünfkirchen</span></a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title=Pécs><span style='color:windowtext'>Fünfkirchen</span></a> (heute: Pécs)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoEndnoteText style='text-align:justify'><span lang=DE style='font-family:Tahoma'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> <FONT face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica" size=1 color=white><i><b>Website Editor:</b> webmaster@phanchautrinhdanang.org<i> </center> </body> </body> </html>